Microbiology (BMSC 210) > MODULE 3 > Flashcards

MODULE 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is catabolism

A

obtain energy from breakdown of complex molecs (breaks things)

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2
Q

what is anabolism

A

synthesize cellular material from smaller parts (build things)

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3
Q

exergonic reaction have a DeltaG<0, the reaction is ____ and energy is ______

A

spontaneous
released

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4
Q

endergonic reactios have a DeltaG>0, the reaction is ____ and energy is ______

A

not spontaneous
gained

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5
Q

a phototroph gains its energy from ____

A

light

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6
Q

a chemotroph gains its energy from ______

A

chemicals

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7
Q

a heterotroph gets its carbon from _________

A

organic compounds

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8
Q

an autotroph gets its carbon from ______

A

CO2

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9
Q

an organotrophs reducing power is _____

A

organic chemicals

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10
Q

a lithotrophs reducing power is _______

A

inorganic chemicals

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11
Q

How do microbes store energy (electrons)

A

NADH and NAD

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12
Q

enzymes lower EA by using a _____

A

catalyst

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13
Q

how do microbes break down carbohydrates and macromolecules

A
  • Lipids, polysaccharide and proteins approach cell
  • extracellular enzymes break polymers into sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids that enter cell
  • sugars go thru glycolysis, pyruvate, then meet fatty acids and AAs at the acetylCoA step
  • all go thru citric acid cycle
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14
Q

what goes into the citric acid cycle (TCA)

A

Acetyl-CoA (2C)
electron acceptors (NAD+ and FAD)
ADP (or GDP) + Pi → ATP/GTP production
H₂O

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15
Q

what comes out of the citric acid cycle

A

CO2
NADH
FADH2
ATP
CoA

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16
Q

what does the citric acid cycle do/ what is its purpose

A

Energy Production (Catabolic Role)
Central Metabolic Hub
- TCA cycle integrates the breakdown of all macromolecules
Biosynthesis (Anabolic Role)

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17
Q

what is the electron transport chain

A

a series of membrane proteins that use electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to make ATP.

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

where is the electron transport chain located in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

euks: mitochondrial membrane
proks: cytoplasmic membrane (no mitochondria)

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20
Q

what are the steps to the electron transport chain

A
  • NADH drops e- at Complex I, FADH₂ drops e-at Complex II
  • Electrons Move Down the Chain they pass through carriers
  • Energy from electrons pumps H+ from cytoplasm → outside membrane, creates proton gradient
  • Oxygen (aerobic) or Other Acceptors(anaerobic) takes Electrons
  • ATP Is made, protons flow back through ATP synthase, this is oxidative phosphorylation.
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21
Q

what defines aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration

A

aerobic: O2 is e- acceptor, more productive
anaerobic: different e- acceptor, less productive

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22
Q

TF Breaking down carbohydrates requires energy but generates electrons and energy

A

T

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23
Q

what is the Proton motive force (PMF)

A

Proton gradient energy

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24
Q

what is fermentation and using what systems

A

organic molecule break down using
- Glycolysis (Glucose)
* Citric acid cycle (Pyruvate)
* Glycoxylate cycle (2 carbon

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25
TF fermentation requires oxygen
F it does not
26
what are the end goals of fermentation
substrate-level phosphorylation * ATP directly synthesized from an energy-rich intermediate * Regeneration of NAD+
27
what is homo vs hetero fermentation
- Homo = 1 product (yogurt) - Hetero = 2 products (alcoholic yogurt)
28
TF fermentation is the most efficient form of energy production
F, its the worst
29
TF fermentation needs a terminal electron acceptor
F, No need of external electron acceptor * Lack of respiratory chain
30
what the best to worst energy production methods
aerobic: best - 26ATP anaerobic: mid - 5-24ATP fermentation: worst - 2ATP
31
what is unique about a chemolitotroph
- Aerobic and anerobic respiration
32
the chemolitptrophy metabolism eats ______ and no _______
rocks organic molecules
33
what is oxygenic vs anoxygenic photosynthesis
oxygenic: water is electron donor, produces oxygen anoxygenic: different electron donor, doesnt produce oxygen
34
In the phototrophy metabolism ____energy drives electron flow and ____________
Light proton motive force
35
what is photophosphorylization similar to
frame it like respiration’s ETC, but powered by light instead of food electrons
36
TF Calvin cycle is the “other half” of photosynthesis after photophosphorylation.
T
37
what is the purpose of the calvin cycle
The purpose of the Calvin cycle is to fix CO₂ into organic carbon (sugar)
38
what are the 3 stages of the calvin cycle
1) carbon fixation 2) reduction of 3-PGA 3) regeneration of RuBP
39
what is nitrogen fixation
take inorganic nitrogen from atmosphere required for protein, nucleic acid and other organic molecules
40
what does "fixing" mean
gas--> non-gas (dissolved and useable)
41
TF bacteria and archaea can fix N2
T
42
if you have no carbon source you need an ______
autotroph
43
if you have no N source you need something that _______
fixes N
44
what are the steps to binary fission
○ Step 1 = replicate DNA ○ Step 2 = cell elongation ○ Step 3 = formation of septum (segregation and Z ring) ○ Step 4 = cell separation (division)
45
A ghost cell is observed, whats the best explanation
The Z ring formed prior to segregation in binary fission
46
what are the steps to biofilm
- attachment (reversible) - attachment (irreversible) - growth - maturation - detachment
47
How would one describe Biofilm
From free-living planktonic to attached community
48
what is direct count microscopy
Direct count microscopy = counting individual microbial cells under a microscope.
49
TF direct count counts living + dead cells (unless you use a viability stain).
T
50
how does a coulter counter work
- When a particle passes through a tiny hole filled with electrolyte, it briefly increases electrical resistance, and that change tells you that a particle passed—and how big it was.
51
TF viable count is only the living cells
T
52
how does viable count work/what are the steps
Dilute until u have the appropriate # of colonies - pour or spread on plate - incubate -count colonies (30-300)
53
how does MPN (Most probable number) work/what are the steps
- prepare dilutions - inoculate several tubes of liquid medium with different dilutions - incubate tubes - count how many tubes show growth based on turbidity, color change, or gas production
54
what is turbidimetry
measures how cloudy a solution is - cloudier = more cells
55
what are the 4 phases of bacterial growth
- lag phase - no increase - log phase - rapid increase - stationary phase - death rate = birth rate - death phase - decrease of living cells
56
what is an auxotroph
requires addition of specific macromolecules because it does not synthesize them
57
what is a prototroph
self-sufficient i.e. generate their own macromolecules from basic elements
58
what are Eutrophs/Copiotrophs
grow in high levels of nutrient
59
what are oligotrophs
require low nutrient levels to grow (high levels prevent growth)
60
what is a defined medium
we know exactly what went in
61
what is a complex medium
composition unknown
62
what is a minimal medium
meets the minimum requirements
63
what is a selective medium
○ Restrict growth of undesirables ○ Favors growth of desirables
64
what is a differential medium
○ Distinguishes between types
65
TF crystal violet has antibacterial properties
T
66
why did we start using agar instead of gelatine in the lab
Few microbes digest agar * Gelatin is readily digested it melts at high temps (65 deg) we can see the colonies and the movement
67
when would we use liquid cultures in the lab
dealing with Large volumes and Large biomass when needing a closed system
68
what is a chemostat for growing microbes
- open system - Fresh medium flows + removes waste - Control growth rate and yield ○ Dilution rate controls growth
69
what are the 5 different types of O2 requirement
obligate aerobes obligate anaerobes facultative anaerobes aerotolerant anaerobes microaerophiles
70
what is the O2 requirement for an obligate aerobe
plenty of O2
71
what is the O2 requirement for an obligate anaerobe
absence of O2
72
what is the O2 requirement for an facultative anaerobe
can switch metabolism from aerobic to anaerobic to fermentation - can grow in low concentrations of O2
73
what is the O2 requirement for an aerotolerant anaerobe
only do fermentation tolerate oxygen
74
what is the O2 requirement for a microaerophile
5-10% O2 concentration req O2 but are sensitive to it use aerobic respiration
75
TF Oxygen leads to Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
T
76
what is a psychrophile
a cold loving thing
77
what is a mesophile
neither hot or cold oreference - thermotolerant
78
what is a thermophile
warm lover
79
what is a hyperthermophile
love it burning how
80
when it comes to temperature what are the classes of microbial growth from coolest to warmest
psychrophiles psychrotophs mesophiles thermophiles hyperthermophiles
81
when it comes to pH, what are the classes of microbes from lowest point on the pH scale to the highest point
acidophile neutrophile alkaliphile
82
when it comes to salt what are the classes of microbes from least salt loving to most
non-halophiles halotolerants halophiles hyperhalophiles
Microbiology (BMSC 210)
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