BMA - SEMESTER 2 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

define joint

A

where 2 or more bones meet which facilitates movement

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2
Q

function of cartilage

A
  • supports body structures
  • connects bone
  • maintains shape
  • resists compression
  • has tensile strength (resists stretching and twisting)
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3
Q

what is cartilage composed of

A
  • chondrocytes

- extracellular matrix

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4
Q

what is the extracellular matrix made up of

A
  • ground substances
  • collagen
  • elastin fibre
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5
Q

list the 3 different types of cartilage

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • elastic cartilage
  • fibrocartilage
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6
Q

Features of Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • most abundant
  • covers ends of articulating bones = articular cartilage
  • connects the ribs to the sternum = costal cartilage
  • forms the epiphyseal plates of bones
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7
Q

Features of Elastic Cartilage

A
  • maintains shape

- forms auricle of the ear

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8
Q

Features of Fibrocartilage

A
  • forms knee joint
  • connects individual vertebra = intervertebral discs
  • connects hip bones = pubic symphysis
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9
Q

List the functions of the bones

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Storage of Minerals + Trigylicerides
  4. Blood Cell production
  5. Movement
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10
Q

Function of Bones - Support

A

provides a framework that supports entire body

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11
Q

Function of Bones - Protection

A

bones surround and enclose body tissues and organs

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12
Q

Function of Bones - Storage of Minerals + Trigylicerides

A
  • bones store minerals
  • bone continually deposits + withdraws calcium and phosphate into and from the blood to maintain homeostatic blood concentrations
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13
Q

Functions of Bones - Blood Cell Production

A
  • bones produce RBC, WBC and platlets

- haematopoiesis occurs within red bone marrow

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14
Q

Functions of Bones - Movement

A
  • bones act as levers to move body parts

- attach directly or indirectly

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15
Q

List the 3 connective tissue layers

A
  • Endomysium
  • Perimysium
  • Epimysium
  • all three layers connects to form tendon
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16
Q

define origin

A
  • site of muscle attachment to bone

- bone does not move when muscle contracts

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17
Q

define insertion

A
  • moveable point og muscle attachment

- bone moves when muscle contracts

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18
Q

define the axial skeleton

A
  • forms longitudinal axis of the body and includes the

- skull, vertebral column, rib cage

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19
Q

how many cervical vertebrae

A

7

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20
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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21
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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22
Q

how many sacral vertebrae

A

3

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23
Q

define the appendicular skeleton

A

connects limbs to axial skeleton

  • upper limbs
  • lower limbs
  • shoulder girdles
  • pelvic girdles
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24
Q

List how bones are classified as

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
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25
list the long bones
all limbs bones except: patella, carpal/tarsals, diaphysis + epiphysis
26
list the short bones
small cubed shaped bones e.g. carpals | patella (sesamoid bone)
27
list the flat bones
- thin - flat - often curved - e.g. sternum, ribs, clavicle, scapulae, most skull bones
28
list the irregular bones
- complex shaped | - e.g. vertebrae, hip bones
29
define tuberosity
a round roughened projection
30
define trochanter
a large, irregular shaped projection
31
define tubercle
a small rounded projection
32
define spine
a pointed projection
33
define process
a bony bump
34
define crest
a prominent bony ridge
35
define malleolus
a projection shaped like hammer head
36
define head
rounded expansion at the end of bone
37
define condyle
smooth rounded surface at the end of a bone
38
define foramen
a round or oval opening
39
define canal or meatus
passageway through a bone
40
list types of connective tissue
- osseous tissue | - adipose tissue (yellow bone marrow) and - - hyaline cartilage
41
list types of nervous tissue
- sensory neurons
42
list types of muscle and epithelial tissue
- blood vessels
43
what does collagen fibres provide bones
- flexibility + tensile strength | - ability to resist stretching and twisting
44
what does calcium phosphate crystals provide to bone
- hard - compressive strength - resists compression forces
45
list the specialised cells found in bone
- osteoprogenitor cells - osteoblasts - osteoclasts - osteocytes
46
osteoprogeniter cells
stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
47
osteobasts
bone building cells that secrete collagen fibres + ground substances
48
osteoclasts
bone resorbing cells that break down the matrix and release stored minerals
49
osteocytes
mature bone cells that maintain the matrix
50
what is the outer connective tissue membrane of a bone
- periosteum - covers compact bone - contains blood vessels and nerves
51
what is the internal connective tissue membrane of bone
- endosteum | - covers spongy bone
52
describe compact bone
- osseous tissue arranged into osteons - dense - smooth
53
describe an osteon
- runs parallel to the long axis of the bone consists of: - central canal (blood vessels + nerves) - concentric circles (hollow cylinders) of matrix - osteocytes - acts as a weight bearing pillar
54
describe spongy bone
- osseous tissue arranged into an irregular lattice of thin needle like structures = trabeculae - reduces weight of bone
55
describe trabeculae
resist forces from all directions and transfer weight without breaking
56
what is the purpose of interstitial growth
lengthens bones
57
what is the purpose of appositional growth
widens bones
58
In interstitial growth what occurs at the epiphyseal plates of long bones ?
1. new cartilage forms at top of plate 2. bone replaces old cartilage at bottom of plate 3. diaphysis lengthens - rate of new cartilage maintains thickness
59
In appositional groth what occurs at the outer surface of all bones ?
1. osteoblasts beneath periosteum compact bone + bone widens 2. osteoclasts slowly remove old matrix from inner surface to enlarge medullary cavity + prevents bones from becoming too heavy
60
describe bone remodelling
maintains bone mass + strength and replaces old matrix with new matrix bone deposition = rate of resorption (where osteoclasts break down old matrix)
61
list the factors that affect bone growth + remodelling
- calcium - phosphate - vitamin C, A, D - vitamins k + B12 - weight bearing exercises
62
closed (simple) fracture
broken bone, doesn't break skin
63
open (compound) fracture
broken bone protrudes skin
64
comminuted fracture
bone fragments into 3+ pieces
65
greenstick fracture
incomplete break
66
compression fracture
bone crushed
67
spiral fracture
ragged brake that occurs w/ twisting
68
epiphyseal fracture
bone breaks along epiphyseal plate
69
transverse fracture
bone breaks along own axis
70
depressed fracture
broken bone pressed inwards
71
avulsion fracture
bone fragment tears away from main mass of bone
72
pathological fracture
caused by disease that weakens bone structure e.g. osteoporosis
73
colles fracture
break down of the distal end of radius
74
scaphoid fracture
common carpal bone fracture
75
potts fracture
fracture of both tibia + fibula
76
what are the 3 stages of fracture treatment
1. Reduction (realignment of bone ends) 2. Immobilisation (sling etc) 3. Rehabilitation (restore function)
77
list the 4 steps of fracture repair
1. Haematoma forms 2. Fibrocatilaginous callus forms 3. Bony callus forms 4. Bone remodelling
78
Fracture Repair - Step 1 Haematoma Forms
- torn bloos vessels haemorrhage - clot forms - site = swollen
79
Fracture repair - Step 2 - Fibrocartilagionoous Callus forms
- fibroblasts produce collagen - chondrocytes produce collagen - fibrocatrilaginous callus splints broken bone ends
80
Fracture Repair - Step 3 - Bony callus Forms
- fibrocartilaginous callus is converted to spongy bone | - bone ends firmly united
81
Fracture Repair - Step 4 - Bone Remodelling
- compact bone replaces spongy bone at bone surface or diaphysis of long bone - osteoclasts remove excess bone - bone returns to normal shape
82
Osteomalacia/ rickets (children)
- bones poorly mineralised - lack calcium phosphate crystals - bones are soft, flexible, easily deformed - insufficient intake of calcium + vitamin D
83
Osteogenesis Imperfect (brittle bone disease)
- congenital bone disorder - affects quality and quantity of collagen - brittle and easily fractured
84
list how joints are functionally classified as:
- synarthrosis (immovable) - amphiarthosis (slightly movable) - diarthrosis (freely moveable)
85
list how joints are structurally classified as
- fibrous - cartilaginous - synovial (based on connective tissue that binds articulating bones)
86
characteristics of a fibrous joint
- united by fibrous connective tissue - joint cavity absent - immovable (synarthrosis) or slightly movable (amphiarthosis)
87
sutures
- immovable fibrous joints that unite the bone of skull
88
tibiofibular joint
slightly movable fibrous joint | unites tibia + fibular joint
89
characteristics of cartilaginous joints
articulating bones united by cartilage - joint cavity absent - immovable or slightly movable
90
characteristics of synovial joints
- articulating bone are covered in articulating cartilage - joint cavity present - freely movable - six types according to movement
91
Synovial Joint - Articulating capsule
- outer fibrous layer = stabilises connective bones - inner synovial membrane = produces synovial fluid - together encloses joint
92
Synovial joint - joint cavity
separates articulating bones and contains synovial fluid
93
Synovial Joint - articulating cartilage
covers ends of each articulating bone reinforces ligament shock absorption, reduces friction
94
Synovial Joint - reinforcing ligament
stabilises synovial joint
95
list the additional structures of a synovial joint
Menisci Muscle tendons Bursae and Tendon Sheaths (bags of fluid, reduces friction) Fat Pads
96
Types of Synovial Joint - Pivot joint
allows rotation | e.g. atlas axis joint
97
Types of Synovial Joint - Plane joint
- allows gliding movements | e. g. intercapral and inter tarsal joints
98
Types of Synovial Joint - Conylar joints
allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction e.g. knuckle joint
99
Types of Synovial Joint - Saddle Joint
allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction + circumduction
100
Types of Synovial Joint - Hinge joint
allows flexion, extension, | eg. knee, elbow, ankle
101
Types of Synovial Joint - Ball and Socket Joint
allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, rotation e.g. shoulder + hip joint
BMA - SEMESTER 2
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