BMA - SEMESTER 2 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

describe the base of the heart

A
  • superior
  • wide surface
  • posterior to sternum
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2
Q

describe the apex of the base

A
  • inferior tip

- 12-14 cm from base

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3
Q

what cavity is the heart located in

A
  • thoracic cavity

- anterior mediastinum

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4
Q

what is the pericardium

and its different layers

A

covers the heart
double walled sac

  • outer parietal pericardium
  • inner visceral pericardium or epicardium
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5
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall

A
  1. Epicardium
    covers the heart
  2. Endocardium
    endothelium covers inner surfaces
  3. Myocardium
    muscular wall
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6
Q

features of the two 2 superior atria

A
  • thin walled
    0 receiving chambers
  • externally separated from ventricles by the coronary sulcus
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7
Q

features of the 2 ventricles

A
  • thick walled
  • discharging chambers
  • externally separated from each other by inter ventricular sulcus
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8
Q

where does the right atria revise deoxygenated blood from

A
  • superior vena cava (from regions superior to diaphragm)
  • inferior vena cava (from regions inferior to diaphragm)
  • coronary sinus
    (from coronary blood supply)
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9
Q

where does the left atria receive oxygenated blood from

A
  • right and left pulmonary veins from the lungs
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10
Q

which vessels take blood away from the ventricles

A
  • pulmonary trunk

- aorta

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11
Q

how are internal ventricles separated from the atria

A
  • via atrioventricular valves
    (right = tricuspid)
    (left = bicuspid)
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12
Q

what does the chord tendinea anchor

A

atrioventricular valves

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13
Q

what are the chord tendinae attached to

A
  • papillary muscles
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14
Q

which side of the ventricular muscle is thicker

A
  • left = thicker
  • generates 4-6X more force
  • contracts from bottom - up
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15
Q

role of atrioventricular valves

A
  • prevent back flow of blood into atria when ventricles contract
  • tensing of chordae tendinea and contraction of papillary muscles stop valves from everting
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16
Q

role of semilunar valves

A
  • forced open when ventricles contract

- close when ventricles relay and blood in arteries try to flow backwards

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17
Q

role of coronary circulation

A
  • supply blood to the myocardium as blood flowing through the heart doesn’t nourish tissue
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18
Q

where does the left coronary artery give rise to

A

anterior interventicular artery which supplied anterior ventricles

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19
Q

where does the right coronary artery give rise to

A

the posterior inter ventricular artery which supplies posterior ventricles

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20
Q

when does blood move into the coronary arteries

A

when the ventricles relax and blood in the aorta attempts to move backwards towards the heart

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21
Q

role of the great cardiac vein

A

drain the anterior regions supplied by the anterior inter ventricular artery

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22
Q

role of the middle cardiac vein

A

drains the posterior area supplied by the posterior interventricular artery

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23
Q

where do all veins drain to and then where does this drain to ?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • coronary sinus

- drains into right atrium

24
Q

characteristics of angina pectoris

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A
  • temporary deficiency of myocardial blood supply (narrowed coronary vessels)
  • thoracic pain
  • increased physical demand on the heart
  • myocardial cells weaken
25
characteristics of myocardial infarcation
- prolonged coronary artery blockage - myocardium replaced by scar tissue - weakens heart
26
what type of pump is the left side of heart
systemic
27
what type of pump is the right side of the heart
pulmonary
28
what pressure gradient does blood move
down | from an area of high pressure to low
29
what is the pathway of blood through the heart
``` - blood enters via: superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary semilunar valve - pulmonary trunk - to lungs ``` - to heart - four pulmonary veins - left atrium - left ventricle - aortic semilunar valve - aorta
30
what two factors influence electrical events in the cardiac cycle
- autonomic nervous system | - intrinsic conduction system (hearts own electrical system)
31
what components make up the intrinsic conduction system
1. Sinoatrial Node 2. Atrioventricular node 3. Atrioventricular bundle 4. Bundle Branches 5. Purkinje fibres
32
intrinsic conduction system - role of sinoatrial node
- acts as pacemaker and determines heart rate
33
intrinsic conduction system - role of atrioventricular node
- pauses here for atria to complete contraction
34
intrinsic conduction system - atrioventricular bundle
- connects atria and ventricles
35
intrinsic conduction system - bundle branches
- conduct the impulses through inter ventricular septum
36
intrinsic conduction system - Purkinje Fibres
- penetrate ventricle walls | - depolarise ventricular myocardium
37
role of cardioacceleratory centre and where does it supply sympathetic input to
- increase heart rate and force of contraction | - sympathetic input via thoracic spinal cord to SA and AV node, Myocardium, Coronary arteries
38
role of cardioinhibitory centre and where does it supply parasympathetic input
- decreases heart rate | - parasympathetic input via vagus nerve to SA and AV nodes
39
describe electrocardiography
- detects cardiac electrical events - electrodes placed on 12 parts of body - composite of all the action potentials generated by the heart
40
ECG - P wave
- depolarisation of the atria | - beginning at the SA node
41
ECG - QRS complex
- depolarisation of the ventricles | - atrial repolarisation
42
ECG - T wave
- repolarisation of the ventricles
43
what can changes in an ECG pattern reveal
- if conduction pathway is normal - if heart is enlarged - if certain regions are damaged - cause of chest pain
44
systole
contraction
45
diastole
relaxation
46
how long is the cardiac cycle
one complete heart beat
47
List the 8 stages in the cardiac cycle
1. All chambers relaxed - ventricles partially filled 2. Atrial Systole - contracts completely filling relaxed ventricles 3. Atrial Systole ends and atrial diastole egos 4. Ventricular Systole (part1) - beings at apex, closes Av valves but pressure not great enough to open SL valves = isovolumetric contraction 5. Ventricular Systole (part2) - SL valves open from increased pressure = ventricular ejection 6. Ventricular diastole (early) - ventricles relax, arterial blood flows backwards = SL closes 7. Isovolumetric Relaxation - no change in blood volume, blood flows backwards and Av valves remain closed 8. Ventricular diastole (late) - al heart chambers relaxed. AV valves open, blood moves passively from atria to the ventricles
48
what is the average resting heart rate
75bpm
49
what occurs in the cardiac cycle when heart rate increases
- all phases shortened - especially ventricular diastole - blood volume pumped by heart is reduced
50
What does the sound of Lubb s1 mean
closure of AV valves
51
what does the sound of Dupp s2 mean
closure of SL valves
52
what does a heart murmur mean
blood back flow through incompetent valve
53
correlating electrical and mechanical events - P wave
atrial depolarisation to atrial systole
54
correlating electrical and mechanical events - QRS complex
ventricular depolarisation to ventricular systole
55
correlating electrical and mechanical events - T wave
ventricular diastole
BMA - SEMESTER 2
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