Module 7

Question 1

sources of drugs

Answer 1

• plants
• animals
• micro organisms

Question 2

where is morphine derived from

Answer 2

poppies

Question 3

where was adrenaline originally sourced from

Answer 3

adrenal gland of monkeys, sheep and cows (now artificially replicated )

Question 4

generic name

Answer 4

refers to the group or family that a drug belongs to

Question 5

chemical name

Answer 5

a description of a drugs composition

Question 6

Approved name

Answer 6

usually derived from chemical name and approved by local drug authority

Question 7

propriety name

Answer 7

brand name

Question 8

oral/ enteral route

Answer 8

orally taken drugs e.g. capsules

Question 9

parental route

Answer 9

administration of a drug via any route other than the mouth or digestive tract e.g. injection

Question 10

list the factors that influence the amount of drug that interacts with its target

Answer 10

• Absorption
• Distribution
• Metabolisation
• Excretion

Question 11

pharmacokinetics

Answer 11

the study of how the body effects the drug

Question 12

Drug Absorption

Answer 12

process of an unchanged drug moves from the site of administration into the systemic circulation (e.g. when taken orally)

Question 13

Factors affecting Drug Absorption

Answer 13

• formulation of drug
• route of administration
• tissue surface area and thickness
• blood supply at the site of administration
• solubility of a drug

Question 14

Drug Distribution

Answer 14

the process of reversible transfer of a drug between 1 location and another

Question 15

Factors affecting drug distribution

Answer 15

• health of cardiovascular system
• degree of blood flow
• permeability of capillaries
• lipid or water solubility of the drug
• if drugs can bind to and stored in tissues and released slowly over time
• barriers such as: blood brain barriers, placental barriers

Question 16

Drug Metabolism

Answer 16

the chemical modification of a drug and usually carried out by enzymes ( and results in more water soluble compound)

Question 17

Drug Metabolism - Functionalisation reaction

Answer 17

chemical changes that produce a more water soluble compound

Question 18

Drug metabolism - Conjugation reaction

Answer 18

joining the drug with another substance to produce a more water soluble compound

Question 19

what is the primary site of metabolism

Answer 19

liver

- but can also occur in the kidneys, lungs, and intestinal mucosa

Question 20

Factors affecting drug metabolism

Answer 20

• genetics
• environmental factors
• age and gender
• disease states e.g. slow cardiovascular system

Question 21

hepatic first metabolism

Answer 21

drugs that are administered orally first pass through the stomach and small intestine are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein for transport to the liver

(small amount of drug may be absorbed in gastrointestinal tract)

Question 22

first pass metabolism

Answer 22

most drugs that each the liver undergo metabolism before they reach systemic circulation

Question 23

bioavailability

Answer 23

the remaining amount of drug can exert a pharmacological effect and reaches systemic circulation

Question 24

how much bioavailability will a drug administered intravascularly have ?

Answer 24

100% as it avoids first pass metabolism

Question 25

Drug Excretion

Answer 25

the irreversible loss of drug from the body | usually excreted via kidneys in the urine

Question 26

Drug Elimination

Answer 26

the irreversible loss of the drug from the plasma (usually occurs in the liver due to metabolism)

Question 27

what is the process of excretion dependent upon ?

Answer 27

urinary pH ranging from - 4.6 - 8.2 renal and cardiovascular function

Question 28

what is a dosage regimen

Answer 28

- amount of drug administered | - often the drug is administered

Question 29

factors that affect dosage regimen

Answer 29

- age - gender - health - cardiovascular, liver and kidney function

Question 30

therapeutic range

Answer 30

the range of drug concentrations that have a high probability of producing the desired therapeutic effect and low probability of toxic effects and lies between 2 ranges: 1. minimum effective concentration 2. maximum effective concentration

Question 31

minimum effective concentration

Answer 31

minimum amount of drug required for pharmacological effect

Question 32

maximum effective concentration

Answer 32

minimum amount of drug that causes a toxic effect

Question 33

drug half life

Answer 33

the time taken for the drug concentration to be reduced by 50% from its maximum concentration

Question 34

what does the drug half life determine

Answer 34

- duration of action of single dose of drug | - how often to administer to keep within therapeutic range

Question 35

what is term used for the maximum drug concentration

Answer 35

T maximum

Question 36

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 36

the study of how the drug effects the body | and the mode of drug action

Question 37

what does the mode of drug action depend on

Answer 37

- proteins (primary target) (carrier proteins, ion channels, enzymes, receptors) - DNA

Question 38

Drugs and carrier Proteins

Answer 38

drugs can alter the function of carrier proteins involved in facilitated diffusion as drugs bind to and prevent the carrier protein from moving molecules into the cell

Question 39

drugs and ion channels

Answer 39

- binding to the channel causing the channel to open or close - blocking the channel

Question 40

competitive inhibitors

Answer 40

drug binds to the enzymes active site to slow/inhibit activity

Question 41

non competitive inhibitors

Answer 41

drug binds to the enzyme, changing the shape - preventing the substrate from binding = enzyme destroyed

Question 42

agonist receptors

Answer 42

initiates or enhances the normal response

Question 43

antagonist receptor

Answer 43

blocks the normal response

Question 44

drug hypersensitivity

Answer 44

the body's immune system shows exaggerate response to drug received as foreign substance

Question 45

Adverse drug reaction

Answer 45

an unintended effect of a drug

Question 46

poly pharmacy

Answer 46

taking multiple drugs together

Question 47

drug - drug interaction

Answer 47

occurs when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another

Question 48

drug containdications

Answer 48

are the conditions that determine when a drug should not be taken