what are the 3 components ion the cytoskeleton?
-microtubules
- microfilaments
- intermediate filaments
what is the role of microtubules?
the tubular (hollow) strands that are mostly made of the protein tubulin. Organelles and other cell contents are moved along these fibres using ATP to drive this movement
what is the role of microfilaments?
can cause some cell movement and the movement of some organelles within cells by moving against each other.
how do microfilaments allow cells to move and change shape?
they can depolymerise and reassemble quickly
what is the role of intermediate filaments?
to give the cell structure and mechanical strength, and help it retain its shape
where can microtubules be found in terms of cell movement?
in cilia and flagella
what are the two functions of a flagella?
cell movement, and as a sensory organelle to detect chemical changes in the cell environment
what are the two types of cilia?
mobile and stationary
what arrangement do mobile cilia have?
a 9 and 2 arrangement of microtubules - one central pair surrounded by 9n pairs in a circle
how do the microtubules in mobile cilia enable them to move?
parallel pairs of microtubules sliding over each other
what are the four roles of the R.E.R
- protein modification, transport, and synthesis
- phospholipid production
in which cells are R.E.Rs abundant?
protein secreting cells like the liver
what are the 2 roles of the S.E.R?
lipid and carb synthesis
calcium ion storage
what type of membrane does the S.E.R have?
a phospholipid bilayer
do ribosomes have a membrane?
no
do prokaryotic cells have any membrane bound organelles?
no
what is the nuceoid in prokaryotic cells?
a singular super-coiled molecule of DNA
what is the prokaryotic cell capsule?
a sticky, protective outer layer, found outside the cell wall in some bacteria, helping them resist drying (desiccation), and stick to surfaces/each other (adhesion)
how is energy for filament rotation in the flagella created in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
from ATP in eukaryotic and chemiosmosis in prokaryotic cells
in cells what attaches the flagella to the call membrane?
the basal body
what rotates the flagella and how?
a molecular motor rotates the hook, giving the flagella a whip like motion, propelling the cell
how do cilia in prokaryotes differ to those in eukaryotes?
they are thinner and don’t have a 9 and 2 arrangement
what are pili?
adhesion organelles which exchange DNA during conjugation
what are fimbre?
hair-like appendages found on the surface of many bacteria, helping them stick to surfaces and host cells
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Eukaryotic plant cells6
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monomers, polymers and elements4
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Prokaryotic cells8
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Eukaryotic Cells22
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Biological molecules7
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STAGES IN PREPREPARED SLIDES4
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MODULE 2 - MICROSCOPES AND STAINING40
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MODULE 2 - CELL COMPONENTS24
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MODULE 2 - WATER10
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MODULE 2 - CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS33
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MODULE 2 CHEMICAL TESTS8
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MODULE 2 - PROTEINS31
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MODULE 2 - ENZYMES26
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MODULE 2 - BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES24
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MODULE 2 - NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEIC ACIDS25
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MODULE 3 - LUNG VOLUMES7
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MODULE 3 - PARTS OF A SPIROMETER6
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MODULE 3 - EXCHANGE SURFACES59
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MODULE 3 - TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS120
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MODULE 3 - TRANSPORT IN PLANTS55
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MODULE 4 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES158
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MODULE 4 - BIODIVERSITY111
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MODULE 4 - classification and evolution109
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MODULE 5 - Neuronal communication135
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MODULE 5 - Hormonal communication definitions6
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MODULE 5 - homeostasis21
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MODULE 5 - the liver and kidney106
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MODULE 5 - The adrenal glands52
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MODULE 5 - plant responses40
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MODULE 5 - Photosynthesis119
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MODULE 5 - RESPIRATION137
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MODULE 6 - Cellular control - body plans40
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MODULE 6 - controlling gene expression36
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MODULE 6 - Patterns of inheritance and manipulating genomes176
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MODULE 6 - Genome sequencing and DNA profiling11
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MODULE 6 - cloning and biotechnology184
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MODULE 6 - ECOSYSTEMS + POPULATIONS AND SUSTAINABILITY212
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exam style questions103
