How are peptide bonds formed?
through a condensation reaction
where does a peptide bond form between two amino acids?
between the N and C of the two aminos
what is a polypeptide?
when many amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds
which enzyme catalyses the formation of polypeptides?
peptidyl transferase
what is the primary structure of a protein?
the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
what bonds are involved in the primary structure of a protein?
peptide bonds
what are the secondary structures of a protein?
a-helices and b-pleated sheets
what bonds are involved in the secondary structures of a protein?
peptide and hydrogen bonds
what happens to the peptide chain to form a a-helix?
it twists/coils
what happens to the peptide chain to form a b-pleated sheet?
it folds
how is the tertiary structure of a protein achieved?
through the interaction of r groups on different amino acids. the folding and coiling of secondary structure formations brings the r groups close enough to interact and fold further
what 4 interactions can happen between r groups in tertiary protein structures?
- hydrogen bonding
- van Der walls forces
- ionic bonds
- covalent disulphide bonds
what are van Der walls forces?
weak interactions between polar and non-polar r groups
where do disulphide bonds form?
between r groups containing sulphur atoms, between the sulphur atoms
when can a protein from a quaternary structure?
when it has more than one polypeptide chain
what interactions occur in quaternary protein structures?
- hydrogen bonding
- van Der walls forces
- ionic bonds
- covalent disulphide bonds
where do the interactions in quaternary protein structures take place?
between different protein molecules
what is a prosthetic group?
a non-protein molecule (organic or inorganic) that binds tightly, often covalently, to a protein or enzyme
what is a globular protein?
a compact, roughly spherical protein that’s generally water-soluble, folding into a specific 3D shape where hydrophobic (water-fearing) parts tuck inside and hydrophilic (water-loving) parts face outwards
what is a conjugated protein?
a globular protein with a prosthetic group
what is an example of a globular and conjugated protein?
haemoglobin
what is the structure of haemoglobin
- 4 haem prosthetic groups each containing iron
- has 4 polypeptide chains
what is insulin an example of?
a globular protein (a hormone)
give an example a conjugated protein which is an enzyme
catalase
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Eukaryotic plant cells6
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monomers, polymers and elements4
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Prokaryotic cells8
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Eukaryotic Cells22
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Biological molecules7
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STAGES IN PREPREPARED SLIDES4
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MODULE 2 - MICROSCOPES AND STAINING40
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MODULE 2 - CELL COMPONENTS24
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MODULE 2 - WATER10
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MODULE 2 - CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS33
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MODULE 2 CHEMICAL TESTS8
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MODULE 2 - PROTEINS31
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MODULE 2 - ENZYMES26
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MODULE 2 - BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES24
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MODULE 2 - NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEIC ACIDS25
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MODULE 3 - LUNG VOLUMES7
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MODULE 3 - PARTS OF A SPIROMETER6
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MODULE 3 - EXCHANGE SURFACES59
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MODULE 3 - TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS120
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MODULE 3 - TRANSPORT IN PLANTS55
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MODULE 4 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES158
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MODULE 4 - BIODIVERSITY111
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MODULE 4 - classification and evolution109
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MODULE 5 - Neuronal communication135
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MODULE 5 - Hormonal communication definitions6
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MODULE 5 - homeostasis21
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MODULE 5 - the liver and kidney106
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MODULE 5 - The adrenal glands52
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MODULE 5 - plant responses40
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MODULE 5 - Photosynthesis119
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MODULE 5 - RESPIRATION137
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MODULE 6 - Cellular control - body plans49
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MODULE 6 - controlling gene expression53
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MODULE 6 - Patterns of inheritance and manipulating genomes176
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MODULE 6 - Genome sequencing and DNA profiling13
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MODULE 6 - cloning and biotechnology184
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MODULE 6 - ECOSYSTEMS + POPULATIONS AND SUSTAINABILITY212
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exam style questions103
