Memories are partially sored in the
Cortex
Explicit, conscious memories are either X or X
semantic (facts and general knowledge) or episodic (experienced events)
Recalling a password and holding it in working memory, for example, would activate the X
left frontal lobe.
Calling up a visual party scene would more likely activate the X
right frontal lobe.
With left-hippocampus damage, people have trouble remembering X, but they have no trouble recalling X. With right-hippocampus damage, the problem is reversed
verbal information, visual designs and locations
Your hippocampus and frontal lobes are processing sites for your X memories. But you could lose those newer areas of the brain and still, thanks to automatic processing, lay down X memories for X
explicit, implicit, skills and newly conditioned associations.
The X plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning.
cerebellum
The X, deep brain structures involved in motor movement, facilitate formation of our procedural memories for skills
basal ganglia
infantile amnesia
our conscious memory of our first four years is largely blank
Our emotions trigger Xs that influence memory formation.
stress hormone
Stress provokes the X (two limbic system, emotion-processing clusters) to initiate a X—a lasting X as the memory forms—that boosts activity in the brain’s memory-forming areas
amygdala, memory trace, physical change
Dramatic experiences remain clear in our memory in part because we X them (Hirst & Phelps, 2016).
rehearse
California sea slug,
Aplysia.
A sea slug is a simple animal, with a mere 20,000 or so unusually large and accessible X. It can be X (with mild electric shock) to reflexively withdraw its gills when squirted with water,
nerve cells, classically conditioned
, called long-term potentiation (LTP)
increased efficiency of potential neural firing, which forms memories
After LTP has occurred, passing an electric current through the brain won’t disrupt old memories. But the current will wipe out
very recent memories.Their working memory had no time to consolidate the information into long-term memory before the lights went out.
memories are held in storage by a web of
associations,
retrieval cues
Things that you can later use to access the information.
retrieve memories for both our past (called X memory)
retrospective memory)
and our intended future actions (Xmemory)
prospective
Priming
Activation of association without awareness
context dependent memory
You remember better if context is the same as when you made a memory
encoding specificity principle
may need certain cues to remember
tate-dependent memory
remember more if in the same state as time of encoding
