Retrieval cues
Stimuli that aid in the retrieval of information
Encoding specificity principle of retrieval
Memories are more easily recalled if the context of retreival is the same as encoding
Context dependent memories are retrieved based on
Environmental contexts
Mood congruent memories are retrieved when X are the same as encoded
Moods
Primacy effect
Recalling first items in a list more easily
Recency effect
Recalling last items in a list more easily
Forgetting
Failure to retrieve info from long term memory
Forgetting due to encoding failure
Forgetting because it didn’t enter memory system to begin with
Forgetting due to storage failure
Memories become distorted/accurate over time
Tip of the tongue
In LTM, difficult to access
Proactive interference
Old info keeps you from learning new information
Retroactive interference
New info keeps you from remembering stuff you learned previously
Reconstructionist model of memory
Memories are creative blends of facts and fiction
Misinformation effect
New and misleading info blurs memory of what really happened
Rich false memories
Recollections of events that never happened which include details
Why is eyewitness testimony rarely enough on its own to convict someone?
Memory can be unreliable
HM
Had most of hippocampus removed, couldn’t form new memories
How do people with anterograde amnesia learn?
Nonverbal tasks- know how to do thinks with no conscious knowledge of knowing how to do them
Encoding
Turning things from short term memory into long term memory
Forgetting curve
You forget most of it rapidly, but rate of forgetting turns to basically 0
never acquired
(not encoded
discarded
(stored memories decay)
Retrieval failure
Forgetting something but easily accessing it with a cue
can’t bring into working memory from LTM
Retrieval failure
