Module 3 Chapter 25

Question 1

Catabolism

Answer 1

• produces energy

- breaks down complex molecules into smaller molecules

Question 2

Anabolism

Answer 2

• requires energy

- combines simpler / smaller molecules into larger ones

Question 3

2 forms of energy released during catabolism.

Answer 3

1. Heat: maintain body temperature

2. Chemical energy: continual formaton of ATP and cellular functions

Question 4

4 main fates of glucose in body cells

Answer 4

1. ATP production
2. Amino acid synthesis
3. Glycogen synthesis
4. Triglyceride synthesis

Question 5

Glycogenesis

Answer 5

• glucose is converted to glycogen

- stored in liver & skeletal muscle during periods of excess glucose

Question 6

When liver is “full” of glycogen it converts excess to what?

Answer 6

Fatty acids (forms part of triglycerides) and stores them in adipose tissue.

Question 7

Glycogenolysis

Answer 7

-glycogen broken down to form glucose when blood glucose levels are low

Question 8

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 8

• occurs in liver

- glucose formed from triglycerides & amino acids (non-carbo sources).

Question 9

When utilizing triglycerided in gluconeogenesis which part of triglycerides can be used?

Answer 9

Glycerol

Question 10

Lipid transport: what transports lipids through blood?

Answer 10

Lipoproteins

Question 11

Components of a lipoprotein?

Answer 11

1. Phospholipid & cholesterol
2. Protein
3. Triglyceride

Question 12

VLDL

Answer 12

• very low density lipoprotein
• bad cholesterol
• deposits triglycerides into smooth muscle

Question 13

LDL

Answer 13

• low density lipoprotein
• bad cholesterol
• deposits triglycerides into smooth muscle

Question 14

HDL

Answer 14

• high density lipoprotein
• good cholesterol
• takes triglycerides out of body to the liver

Question 15

3 fates of lipids

Answer 15

1. Storage
2. Synthesize molecules
3. Make ATP

Question 16

Lipolysis

Answer 16

Where glycerol is split from fatty acids (triglycerides)

Question 17

2 components of triglyceride molecule

Answer 17

glycerol & fatty acid

Question 18

How is glycerol used to make ATP

Answer 18

goes into glycolysis

Question 19

How is fatty acid portion used to make ATP

Answer 19

Beta Oxidation (in liver)

Question 20

Lipogenesis

• what is it
• where does it occur

Answer 20

• synthesis lipids from glucose or amino acids

- liver & adipose tissue

Question 21

Deamination

• what is it
• where does it occur
• what does this produce

Answer 21

• The removal of the amino group from an amino acids.
• liver
• produces ammonia that is converted to urea and excreted by kidneys

Question 22

Most important use of amino acids in body:

Answer 22

protein synthesis

Question 23

Some amino acids can be used to make glucose by the process of:

Answer 23

gluconeogenesis

Question 24

Amino acids that can by synthesized by body are:

Answer 24

• non-essential

- process called transamination

Question 25

Absorptive state

Answer 25

- brain uses glucose as energy - glucose is major energy source - insulin is key hormone - storage of triglyceride in adipose tissue - glycogenesis

Question 26

Postabsorptive state

Answer 26

- brain uses glucose as energy - fatty acids released from adipose - glucagon is key hormone - gluconeogenesis - glycogenolysis

Question 27

Insulin - pancreatic hormone - produced by which pancreatic cell - stimulus hypo or hyper glycemia - causes increase or decrease blood glucose

Answer 27

- Beta cells - hyperglycemia - decreases blood glucose - glycogenesis - glucose converted to glycogen

Question 28

Glucagon - pancreatic hormone - produced by which pancreatic cell - stimulus hypo or hyper glycemia - causes increase or decrease blood glucose

Answer 28

- Alpha cells - hypoglycemia - increase blood glucose - glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis

Question 29

4 hormones that increase blood glucose:

Answer 29

1. Glucagon - pancreas 2. Epinephrine - adrenal medulla 3. Cortisol - adrenal cortex 4. Thyroxine - thyroid

Question 30

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 30

- little / no circulating insulin | - eary onset

Question 31

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 31

- has insulin - problem with glucose transporters - adult onset (usually)

Question 32

glucagon:

Answer 32

A hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets that increases blood glucose level

Question 33

glucose;

Answer 33

A 6-carbon sugar. It is a major energy source for ATP

Question 34

glycerol:

Answer 34

monomer of triglycerides. It helps to maintain blood glucose.

Question 35

glycogen:

Answer 35

A highly branched polymer of glucose containing thousands of subunits; functions as a compact store of glucose molecules in liver and muscle fibers

Question 36

glycolysis: .

Answer 36

The set of chemical reactions in which one glucose molecule is oxidized producing two molecules of pyruvic acid