1
Q
- Respiratory distress syndrome
- Affects infants
- Disorder of prematurity
- Incomplete maturation of the surfactant-producing system causes unstable alveoli.
- Its deficiency results in alveolar collapse with atelectasis
- Treatment consist of
1. proper thermal environment
2. satisfactory levels of tissue oxygenation
A
HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE
2
Q
- Congenital disorder affecting exocrine gland function, with respiratory effects including excessive secretions, obstruction of bronchial system, infection and tissue damage
- Basic cause of the disorder remains unknown but its complications are well-defined.
- Other organs can be affected which includes the salivary gland, small bowel, pancreas, biliary tract, female cervix, and male genital system.
A
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
3
Q
useful in revealing the origin and extent of many respiratory complications such as pneumonia that plaque cystic fibrosis patients.
A
chest films
4
Q
Treatment methods include ___,___,___,___ in order to help patient adjust to limitations to his/her quality of life.
A
anti-microbial drugs, bronchodilators, respiratory physical therapy and psychological guidance
5
Q
most frequent type of lung infection resulting in an inflammation of the lung. The main cause are bacteria, virus and mycoplasma.
A
PNEUMONIAS
6
Q
several types of pneumonia
A
- Pneumococcal lobar pneumonia
- Staphylococcal pneumonia
- Streptococcal pneumonia
- Legionnaire’s disease
- Mycoplasma pneumonia
- Aspiration (chemical)pneumonia
7
Q
- Most common bacterial pneumonia
- Affects anyone at any age
- Preceded by an upper respiratory infection
- Usually present in healthy throats
- Accompanied by the following:
1. chills
2. coughing
3. fever
4. sputum production
5. pleuritic chest pain - Affects the alveoli of the lobes of the lung
- Treatment are by giving antibiotics and bedrest
A
PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA
8
Q
- Occurs sporadically
- Severe and fatal in infants
- Pneumatocele, thin-walled, air-containing cyst, seen in children as a sign of lesion
- May enlarge and form abscesses
- Patchy in appearance and spread in and around the bronchi.
A
STAPHYLOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA
9
Q
- Even more rare
- Appearance localized around the bronchi, in the lower lobes
- Antibiotic therapy is the treatment
A
STREPTOCOCCAL PNEUMONIAS
10
Q
bacterium that frequently causes meningitis and pneumonia in the elderly, and people with chronic illnesses
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae
11
Q
is an immunization against Streptococcus pneumoniae
A
Pneumococcal vaccine
12
Q
- Name given to a severe, bacterial pneumonia
- Antibiotic administration
- Oxygen treatment
A
LEGIONNAIRE’S DISEASE
13
Q
- Common in children and young adults
- In severe cases, may mimic tuberculosis
A
MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIA
14
Q
- Caused by acid vomitus aspirated into the lower respiratory tract
- Chest x-ray will show edema produced by irritation of the air passages.
- caused by aspiration of gastric contents
A
ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA
15
Q
permanent, abnormal dilatation of one or more large bronchi occurring as a result of destruction of the elastic and muscular components of the bronchial wall.
A
BRONCHIECTASIS
16
Q
- An infection caused by inhalation of mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- Early pulmonary TB is asymptomatic, with signs appearing when the lesion is large enough to be seen on a chest radiograph
- Lesions are more commonly seen in the apical region of the chest
A
TUBERCULOSIS
17
Q
Symptoms of TB
A
- cough
- afternoon fever
- weight loss
- blood stained sputum
- night sweats
18
Q
how can TB be diagnosed
A
- chest xray
- sputum smear and culture examination
- bronchoscopy, lavage and tissue biopsy
19
Q
What is the treatment for TB?
A
- Anti-TB chemotheraphy
- Direct observed treatment, short course (DOTS)
- chemotherapy
20
Q
- a group of disorders that cause chronic airway obstruction
A
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
21
Q
most common forms of COPD
A
chronic bronchitis and emphysema
22
Q
- Most often arises from long term, heavy cigarette smoking, which irritates the mucous lining of the bronchial tree, increasing susceptibility to both bacterial and viral infections
- Persistent cough and expectoration (expulsion of mucus or phlegm from the throat)are the primary symptoms of chronic bronchitis.
- Chest radiographs demonstrate hyperinflation of the lungs
- Treatment
1. Elimination of the causative agent
2. Antibiotics can reduce the presence of infection
3. Bronchodilators are used to reduce bronchospasm
4. In severe cases, oxygen may be administered
A
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
23
Q
normal dome of each hemidiaphragm should rise at least ___ above a line connecting the costophrenic angle posteriorly and sternophrenic angle anteriorly.
A
1.5 cm
24
Q
indicator of hyperinflation of the lungs
A
increased retrosternal airspace
25
* A condition in which the lung’s alveoli become distended, usually from loss of elasticity or interference with expiration
* Hyperinflation results as the disease progresses appearing radiographically as a depressed or flattened diaphragm abnormally radiolucent lungs and an increased retrosternal air space or barrel-shaped chest
EMPHYSEMA
26
The primary symptom of emphysema is
dyspnea
27
A group of occupational diseases in which inhalation of foreign inorganic dust materials result in pulmonary fibrosis.
PNEUMOCONIOSES
28
three primary types of pneumoconioses are
a. Silicosis
b. Anthracosis
c. Asbestosis
29
* Inhaling of silica (quartz) common among miners, grinders and sandblasters
* characterized radiographically by multiple small, rounded opaque nodules
* Masses are usually bilateral and relatively symmetric and almost always occur in the upper lobes or segments of the lungs
* sometimes referred to as “eggshell calcifications”
SILICOSIS
29
Commonly referred to as the “Black lung disease” which results from inhaling of coal dust and is associated with coal workers.
ANTHRACOSIS
29
* Results from inhaling asbestos dust
* Radiographically, diaphragmatic pleural calcifications are very suggestive of this disease
* The pulmonary fibrosis is predominantly distributed in the lung bases
ABESTOSIS
30
* A localized area of dead lung tissue surrounded by inflammatory debris
* may result from pneumonia, neoplasm or other organisms that invade the lungs.
* Treatment for both includes antibiotic therapy and possible fluid drainage.
LUNG ABSCESS
31
consist of accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
EMPYEMA
32
* Inflammation of the pleura used to indicate inconsequential thoracic pain.
* indicative of serious condition such as pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, tuberculosis or malignant disease.
* Pain in varying intensity is usually distributed to one side or the other and along the intercostal nerve roots.
PLEURISY (PLEURITIS)
33
* Excess fluid collection in the pleural cavity and is a frequent manifestations of serious thoracic disease, usually pulmonary or cardiac in origin.
* Radiographic signs include blunting of the costophrenic angle best seen on an erect lateral projection of the chest
PLEURAL EFFUSION
33
The inflamed pleural layers rub against each other every time the lungs expand to breathe in air. This can cause sharp pain when breathing, also called
pleuritic chest pain
34
Pleural effusion containing blood is called
hemothorax
35
_____ are of great value in diagnosing effusion as well as ______, to remove excess fluids
Lateral decubitus, thoracocentesis
36
- infection and inflammation of the paranasal sinuses
- common causes are exposure to extremes in humidity and temperature or a deviated septum and its symptoms include nasal discharge and a headache.
- treatment typically involves antibiotic therapy and analgesics for pain relief. Surgery can be done if due to a deviated septum
sinusitis
37
will demonstrate increased density and possible air-fluid levels in the affected sinuses.
upright sinus radiographs
38
- means incomplete expansion of the lung as a result or partial or total collapse
- not a disease but a sign of an abnormal process.
ATELECTASIS
39
occurs when pleural effusion and pneumothorax cause collapse
COMPRESSION
40
occurs when air is completely absorbed from the alveoli beyond an obstructed bronchus
ABSORPTION
41
Occurs when free air is trapped in the pleural space and compresses the lung tissue.
PNEUMOTHORAX
42
Common causes of pneumothorax include:
1. penetrating chest trauma
2. postoperative aspiration
3. spontaneous blowout of a bleb (a flaccid vesicle, like a blister)
43
Complete collapse of right lung as indicated by an absence of lung markings.
spontaneous pneumothorax
44
Left hemithorax is completely radiolucent and lacks vascular markings. There is a dramatic shift of the mediastinum to the right. Left hemidiaphragm is greatly depressed, and there is spreading of the left ribs.
tension pneumothorax
45
Usually benign but it is included under the WHO classification of lung cancer due to its tendencies to invade local tissues.
BRONCHIAL ADENOMA
46
- carcinoma of the lung that arises from the epithelium of the bronchial tree
- common radiographic representation is an airway obstruction and as the tumor grows, it may include the bronchus producing atelectasis and pneumonitis
BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA
47
most common fatal primary malignancy of the lung and has four main types:
1. squamous cell
2. small cell
3. large cell
4. adenocarcinoma
48
most common primary sites for these tumors are
the breast, the gastrointestinal tract, the female reproductive system, the prostate, skin (melanoma), and the kidneys
pathology
flashcards
Decks in class (16)
# Cards
-
module 124
-
module 251
-
module 3 congenital17
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module 4 respiratory51
-
module 3 inflammatory13
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module 3 traumatic35
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module 3 traumatic 228
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module 3 neoplastic14
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module 5 gastrointestinal system CONGENITAL HEREDITARY14
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module 5 inflammatory12
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module 5 degenerative11
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module 5 neurogenic, diverticular, traumatic, neoplastic diseases13
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module 6 hepatobiliary28
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module 7 urinary34
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module 8 repro MALE12
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module 8 repro FEMALE7
