module 5 degenerative

Question 1

• Protrusion of a loop of bowel through a small opening, usually in the abdominal wall.
• Popularly referred to as a “rupture”
• occurs because of an anatomic weakness
• Most common are abdominal, inguinal, femoral, umbilical
• Femoral and umbilical herniations occur in both sexes

Answer 1

HERNIA

Question 2

• Common in men and occurs when a bowel loop protrudes through weakness in the inguinal ring and may descend downward into the scrotum.

Answer 2

INGUINAL HERNIA

Question 3

if a herniated loop of bowel can be pushed back into the abdominal cavity

Answer 3

REDUCIBLE HERNIA

Question 4

if it becomes stuck and cannot be reduced

Answer 4

INCARCERATED HERNIA

Question 5

if the constriction through which the bowel loop has passed is tight enough to cut off blood supply to the bowe

Answer 5

STRANGULATED HERNIA

Question 6

weakness of the esophageal hiatus that permits some portions of the stomach to herniate into the thoracic cavity

Answer 6

HIATAL HERNIA

Question 7

occurs when a portion of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction are both situated above the diaphragm. This type of hernia constitutes the outstanding majority (about 99%) of all hiatal hernias.

Answer 7

direct, or sliding, hiatal hernia

Question 8

• a cause of mechanical bowel obstruction in which a gallstone can erode from the gallbladder and create a fistula to the small bowel
• This leads to an obstruction, usually when the gallstone reaches the ileocecal valve.
• Radiographic signs of this include air and fluid levels or air in the biliary tree
• clinical signs and symptoms include abdominal distention, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, sometimes progressing to bloody stools

Answer 8

GALLSTONE ILEUS

Question 9

• a twisting of a bowel loop about its mesenteric base, usually at either the sigmoid or ileocecal junction
• Surgical untwisting and resection are necessary to prevent necrosis and perforation of the bowel caused by a lack of blood supply

Answer 9

VOLVULUS

Question 10

• Occurs when a segment of bowel, constricted by peristalsis, telescopes into a distal segment, and is driven further into the distal bowel by peristalsis.
• Radiographically, the area of ____ may appear as a “coiled spring.”

Answer 10

INTUSSUSCEPTION

Question 11

• Adynamic ileus
• Failure of bowel peristalsis , often seen after abdominal surgery, which may result in bowel obstruction
• generally lasts no longer than 3 days with proper medical treatment
• Signs and symptoms include distention of the abdomen, abdominal cramping, and vomiting

Answer 11

PARALYTIC ILEUS