module 5 inflammatory

Question 1

• narrowing of the esophagus
• May be secondary to the ingestion of caustic materials such as strong acids, or alkalines or from any factor that inflames the mucosa and creates scarring
• These caustic agents burn the esophagus and cause edema, swelling, and possibly perforation

Answer 1

ESOPHAGEAL STRICTURES

Question 2

• an inflammation of tissue at the lower end of the esophagus
• results from an incompetent cardiac sphincter, which allows the backward flow of gastric acid and contents into the esophagus
• Long-term reflux can lead to bleeding, ulceration, and scarring of the esophagus, which can cause stricture and difficulty swallowing
• Treatment : avoid large meals, spicy foods, caffeine, and tight clothing. Medications such as stool softeners, laxatives, and antacids might be helpful.

Answer 2

GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD) OR REFLUX ESOPHAGITIS

Question 3

• most common symptom of GERD is
• symptomatic reflux
• burning symptoms experienced substernally as a result of the reflux of gastric acids into the esophagus

Answer 3

HEARTBURN

Question 4

• an erosion of the mucous membrane of the lower end of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum.
• The most likely site of development is in the duodenal bulb and lesser curvature of the stomach.
• The etiology directly relates to the hypersecretion of acidic gastric juice (hydrochloric acid) and pepsin (protein-digesting enzyme)
• The main symptom is pain, usually above the epigastrium and radiating to all parts of the abdomen

Answer 4

PEPTIC ULCER

Question 5

• the inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach and small bowel.
• Acute cases are caused by excessive alcohol intake, viral infection, food allergy, and specific infectious diseases
• Ingestion of foods contaminated with bacteria may also result to
• Symptoms. Can have an acute and violent onset with nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, and diarrhea, leading to rapid fluid and electrolyte loss. Or symptoms may be less violent, with stomach rumbling, nausea, malaise and mild diarrhea

Answer 5

GASTROENTERITIS

Question 6

• Regional Enteritis or granulomatous colitis
• a chronic IBD of unknown cause
• A chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease of unknown cause involving any part of the gastrointestinal tract, but commonly involving the terminal ileum
• Symptoms include anorexia, flatulence, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and constipation
• Emotional stress is thought to be an important causative factor of bowel dysfunction

Answer 6

CROHN’S DISEASE

Question 7

• an inflammation of the vermiform appendix, generally resulting from an obstruction caused by a fecalith or rarely by a neoplasm or ball of worms
• The pain usually begins with generalized abdominal pain that shifts to the lower right quadrant
• Other signs and symptoms include nausea, vomiting, fever, and leukocytosis
• Frequently affects individuals between ages of 15-24 years.
• Signs and symptoms include:
  a. pain in the epigastrium that moves to the right lower quadrant.
  b. nausea (reflux symptom)
  c. vomiting (reflux symptom)

Answer 7

APPENDICITIS

Question 8

ball of worms appendicitis

Answer 8

• oxyuriasis vermicularis)

Question 9

• A chronic, recurrent ulceration of the colon mucosa of unknown cause
• Affects young individuals showing symptoms of excessive diarrhea, blood,pus and mucus in the stools.
• Such disease generally starts in the rectum and spreads to the sigmoids, sometimes involving the entire colon.

Answer 9

ULCERATIVE COLITIS

Question 10

• Test to detect occult (hidden) blood in feces.
• an important screening test for colon cancer.

Answer 10

Stool guaiac test or Hemoccult test

Question 11

is another complication defined as an acute dilatation of the colon from paralytic ileus (failure of bowel peristalsis)

Answer 11

Toxic megacolon

Question 12

Abnormally lengthened, dilated, and superficial veins (varicose veins) of the esophagus that occur in patients with portal hypertension

Answer 12

ESOPHAGEAL VARICES