Which area is Moray’s study in?
Cognitive area
Is Moray’s study a classic or contemporary?
Classic
Which study is paired with Moray’s study?
Simon and Chabris - contemporary
How many experiments are there in Moray’s study?
3 experiments
What is the aim of experiment 1 in Moray’s study?
To investigate whether we can remember unattended / rejected stimuli in dichotic listening task
What is the aim of experiment 2 in Moray’s study?
To investigate whether personally meaningful, “affective” cues - specifically a ptps own name - could break through the attentional barrier (block) during a dichotic listening task.
What is the aim of experiment 3 in Moray’s study?
To show that ptps really were responding to their name in experiment 2, and not just the instruction in the message.
What is the procedure of experiment 1 in Moray’s study?
Students and researchers listened to a message in one ear (called the shadowed message which was light fiction). In the other ear was a short list of words being repeated 35 times (called the rejected message).
They then had a recognition test to see which words they could remember. These form the IV:
7 words taken from the shadowed message
7 words taken from the rejected message
7 random words that weren’t in either message
Ptps had to say whether or not they remember the word.
DV: The number of words correctly remembered from the rejected and shadowed message out of 7 for each word type.
What is the IV and DV in Moray’s experiment 1?
IV:
7 words from the shadowed message
7 words from the rejected message
7 words that weren’t in either message
DV: The number of words correctly remembered from the rejected and shadowed message out of 7 for each word type.
What are the findings of experiment 1 in Moray’s study?
ptps couldn’t recall any words from the rejected message. Some even said they recognised words when they weren’t in either the shadowed or rejected message.
Words remembered:
From shadowed = 4.9 / 7
From rejected = 1.9 / 7
Words not in either message = 2.6 / 7
What is the sample for Moray’s study?
Experiment 1 = unknown
Experiment 2 = 12 ptps
Experiment 3 = 2 groups of 14 (undergrads)
primarily university undergraduates and research workers
What is the procedure of experiment 2 in Moray’s study?
12 students and researchers doing a dichotic listening task. Passages were in monotone and a male speaker. They listened to 10 passages. They were told in the instructions to shadow (pay attention to) their right ear. In 3 of the rejected passages their name was mentioned and they were told to start listening to the passage in their left ear e.g. ‘John Smith, change to your other ear’. Their name is called an affective cue. In a couple of other passages, they were told to start listening to the other passage (change ears) but their names wasnt said before the instruction.
IV: was their name in the instruction or not.
DV: how many times they heard the instructions and did they actually change ears.
In experiment 1, what were the messages being played in the dichotic listening task?
The shadowed passage was light fiction and the rejected passage was a short list of words being repeated 35 times.
A male voice speaking in monotone.
In experiment 2, what were the passages being played in the dichotic listening task?
How many passages were there?
The shadowed passage was the light fiction in their right ear.
The rejected passage was the instructions (some with ptps name and some without)
They listened to 10 passages.
A male voice speaking in monotone
What was the IV and DV of experiment 2 in Moray’s study
IV: was their name in the instruction or not?
3 of the rejected passages included their name e.g. ‘John Smith, change to your other ear’ - this is called an affective cue as it includes their name.
DV: how many times they heard the instructions and did actually change ears.
What were the findings of experiment 2 in Moray’s study?
The DV was the number of times the instructions were heard. Ptps heard the instructions more when their name came before them (20 times compared to only 4 times without their name). They found that an affective cue (like your name) can break the block on the rejected message and they would respond to the instruction in the message when they heard their name more than when they didnt hear their name.
What is the conclusion of experiment 1 of Moray’s study?
We do not remember words from the rejected message. We have an attentional barrier ‘block’ on the information that we arent paying attention to.
What is the conclusion of experiment 2 of Moray’s study?
Meaningful information / affective cues can break down the attentional barrier (block).
What is the procedure of experiment 3 of Moray’s study?
2 groups of 14 ptps (undergrads)
One condition was instructed that they needed to remember as many digits as possible.
The other conditions were told less specifically that they would be asked questions about the shadowed message.
ptps performed the dichotic listening task and listening to 2 messages simultaneously. In some of the messages, digits were spoken towards the end of the message.
Sometimes numbers were:
In both shadowed and attended messages
Only in the shadowed message
Only in the rejected message
Sometimes no digits were mentioned in either messaged.
They then had to recall any digits they heard in the message.
They were scored on the number of digits the could correctly recall = DV.
What was the IV and DV of morays exp 3?
IV: whether the digits were inserted into the rejected message, shadowed message or both and if the group was told they would answer questions about the shadowed message or if they were instructed to specifically remember as many numbers as possible.
DV: The number of digits they could correctly recall.
What is the research method in Moray’s study?
Lab
What was the research design in Moray’s study?
Experiment 1 and 2 were repeated measures design
Exp 1: Uses repeated measures design because the same ptps was tested on their recognition of words from both the shadowed and rejected passage, as well as the control set of words which was in neither passage.
Experiment 2: all 12 ptps experienced the affective (name included) and non-affective (no name) instructions in the rejected passage. They all did 10 trials therefore its repeated measures design.
Experiment 3 was independent measures design - 2 separate groups of ptps were tested under different conditions.
What are the findings of experiment 3 of Moray’s study?
There was no difference between ptps that had the instructions and ptps who didnt have the instructions. So the condition that were warned they would have to remember numbers did not remember any more numbers than the condition who didnt have this instruction. So having a warning doesnt help - only meaningful information i.e. your name breaks the attentional barrier.
What is the conclusion of experiment 3 of Moray’s study?
Digits are not meaningful like a name so doesnt break the attentional barrier (block)
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Loftus And Palmer (1974)31
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Evaluation of Loftus and Plamer11
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Grant14
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Moray25
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Simon and Chabris18
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Comparison between classic and contemporary studies for cognitive area4
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Bandura (1961)24
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Evaluation Of Bandura9
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Chaney16
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Kohlberg9
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Evaluation of Kohlberg2
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Comparison between classic and contemporary studies in the developmental area2
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Baron-Cohen (1997)30
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Casey (2011)30
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Blakemore and Cooper16
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Maguire15
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Gould17
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Hancock (2011)21
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Milgram (1963)24
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Evaluating Milgram7
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Bocchiaro (2012)37
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Piliavin (1969)4
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Evaluation of Chaney's study2
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The Main Findings From Core Studies20
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Assumptions Of The 5 Areas5
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Science Vs Not A Science1
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Individual Vs Situational12
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Determinism vs Free-will7
