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Muscular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of Muscles (3)

A
  1. power locomotion
  2. produce heat
  3. produce electricity
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2
Q

3 types of muscle classification:

A
  1. red vs. white
  2. tonic vs. twitch
  3. skeletal vs. cardiac vs. smooth
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3
Q

What is the difference between red vs white muscles?

A

metabolism

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4
Q

Describe red (dark) meat

A
  1. resistant to fatigue (endurance)
  2. high mitochondria
  3. highly vascularized
  4. lots of myoglobin
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5
Q

Describe myoglobin

A
  1. carries oxygen to muscle tissues
  2. has 1 protein subunit & is quaternary in structure
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6
Q

Describe white meat

A
  1. fatigues easily
  2. less mitochondria
  3. less vascularization
  4. less of myoglobin
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7
Q

Tonic fibers:

A
  1. slow contraction & low force (resist fatigue)
  2. common in reptiles and amphibians -
  3. rare in mammals
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8
Q

Twitch fibers:

A
  1. fast contraction & high force (fatigue easily)
  2. common in mammals
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9
Q

Location of tonic fibers in mammals

A
  1. eye muscles
  2. middle ear mucles
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10
Q

Types of twitch fibers (3)

A
  1. Type I - slow-twitch oxidative fiber
  2. Type IIa - fast-twitch oxidative
  3. Type IIb - fast-twitch glycolytic
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11
Q

How do the twitch fiber types differ?

A

myosin isoform

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12
Q

Oxidative vs. glycolytic :

A

oxidative can do phosphorylation & electron transport chain because they have mitochondria vs. glycolytic must use glycolysis since there are no mitochondria

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13
Q

Oxidation vs. reduction

A

oxidation is lost (lose electron) vs. reduction is gained (gain electron)

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14
Q

Glycolysis vs. krebs vs. ETC

A

Glycolysis - occurs in cytoplasm - 2 net ATP ( no O2 needed)
Krebs - occurs in mitochondria - 2 net ATP (needs O2)
ETC - occurs in mitochondria w/ NADH/FADH2 - 34 net ATP (needs O2)

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15
Q

What is carb loading?

A

build-up glycogen stores in liver & skeletal muscles for quick easy access to energy (prior to marathon etc.)

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16
Q

Type I

A

Slow-twitch oxidative fiber
1. does not stop at glycolysis
2. lots of mitochondria
3. endurance
4. reddish color
5. many capillaries
6. little glycogen
7. high myoglobin

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17
Q

Type IIb

A

Fast-twitch glycolytic
1. glycolysis only
2. power & quickness not endurance
3. few mitochondria
4. few capillaries
5. high glycogen
6. low myoglobin

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18
Q

Type IIa

A

Fast-twitch oxidative
1. hybrid of other 2 (not very common)
2. contract fast, resist fatigue
- ex. someone who trains for the Tour de France

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19
Q

Marathon training alters fiber composition. What changes would occur?

A

Increase in Type I (slow-twitch oxidative) and Increase in vascularization

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle fibers?

A
  1. cardiac
  2. skeletal
  3. smooth
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21
Q

Skeletal muscle fiber features (5)

A
  1. locomotory muscles
  2. voluntary
  3. striated
  4. multinucleate
  5. many mitochondria
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22
Q

Cardiac muscle fiber features (10)

A
  1. short, branched fibers
  2. striated
  3. 1-2 nuclei per fiber/cell
  4. many mitochondria
  5. few neuromuscular joints
  6. fibers join at intercalated discs
  7. form thick myocardium
  8. involuntary
  9. hormonal & nervous control
  10. self-stimulation via sinoatrial node (SA node)
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23
Q

How do cardiac muscle fibers connect and communicate?

A

electrically linked by gap junctions

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24
Q

Locations of smooth muscle

A
  1. GI tract
  2. arrector pili
  3. iris of eye
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25
intercalated disc (cardiac)
26
desmosome (cardiac)
27
intercalated disc (cardiac)
28
cardiac muscle (cardiac)
29
sarcolemma (cardiac)
30
nucleus (cardiac)
31
mitochondrion (cardiac)
32
gap junction
33
Smooth Muscle Features (8)
1. short, almond (spindle) shaped 2. single nucleus 3. involuntary 4. no striations 5. myofilaments, but no sarcomeres 6. myofilaments attach to dense bodies (equivalent to sarcomere) 7. slow, sustained contraction 8. controlled by hormones & nerves
34
What is the relative speed of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation compared to skeletal & cardiac muscle?
slow
35
What are the 2 contraction patterns of smooth muscle
1. phasic contraction 2. tonic contraction
36
Phasic contraction & example
relaxed/uncontracted is normal state (contract & then be done) - peristalsis in esophagus
37
Tonic contraction & example
contracted is normal state & occasionally relaxes - pyloric sphincter
38
What are the Fascia layers
1. superficial fascia (hyodermis) 2. deep fascia 3. subserous fascia
39
Deep fascia function & structure
fx: wrap around muscles & keeps them separate from each other (slide no friction) - also separates muscles, nerves, and vessels structure: dense, regular CT
40
Subserous fascia function & structure
fx: inside lining of body cavity (makes up coelom) structure: areolar CT & parietal peritoneum (secretes serous fluid)
41
tendon (DR)
42
deep fascia
43
fascicle
44
muscle fiber/cell
45
endomysium
46
perimysium
47
epimysium (DI)
48
Parts of a muscle from biggest to smallest with membrane
Muscle (epimysium) -> Muscle fascicle (perimysium) -> muscle fiber (endomysium) -> myofibril (sarcolemma) -> myofilaments = actin & myosin
49
Myofibril components (4)
1. sacrolemma =
50
Myofibril components (4)
1. sarcolemma = plasma membrane 2. sarcoplasm = cytoplasm 3. sarcoplasmic reticulum = Smooth ER 4. t-tubule (transverse) = continuous with sarcolemma & openings through sarcolemma
51
What repairs organelles and fixes the damage done to muscle fibers?
satellite cells
52
What are the 2 myofilaments?
1. thick filaments (myosin ~250 strands) 2. thin filaments (actin - 2 helix strands)
53
Define sarcomere:
contracting part of a myofibril (contractile unit)
54
What blocks the actin head from binding, allowing the muscles to relax?
tropomyosin
55
What's the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
store calcium for contraction
56
Nebulin
helps align actin
57
Z-disk
separates one sarcomere from the next
58
M-line
center/middle of sarcomere - anchor
59
Titin
provides elasticity & stabilized myosin
60
H-zone
wide band around M-line - it changes shape - has only myosin no actin
61
Relate muscle state and size of H-zone
muscle contracts - H zone decreases muscle relaxes - H zone increases
62
I-band
thin filament only
63
A-band
has entire thick filament
64
Which sarcomere regions stay the same during contraction?
A-band
65
Which sarcomere regions decrease in length during contraction?
H-zone (gone), I-band (smaller)
66
troponin
67
actin
68
thin filament
69
tropomyosin
70
myosin head
71
thick filament
72
Z disk
73
M line
74
Identify (blue line, green line, red circular line, purple thick band)
Blue - nebulin Green - titin Red - actin Purple - myosin
75
Which band is dark and which band is light?
A band is dark due to thick filament - I band is light from lack of thick filament
76
Identify parts of sarcomere
A. M line B. I band C. A band D. H zone E. Z disk
77
What stimulates muscles?
motor neurons
78
Motor unit
all fibers stimulated by same motor neuron
79
Neuromuscular junction
attachment from neuron to muscle fiber (attaches at motor end plate)
80
A. synaptic knob B. synaptic cleft C. motor end plate D. synaptic vesicles E. sarcolemma F. sarcoplasm G. Acetylcholine (Ach) H. Ach receptor I. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
81
Process of muscle contraction (7 steps)
1. Ach released at motor end plate. Initiates an action potential down t-tubule 2. Ca 2+ ions released from sarcoplasmic reticulum 3. Ca 2+ bind troponin. Tropomyosin shifts exposing myosin-binding sites on actin 4. myosin heads pivot and pull thin filament toward M line 5. ATP binds to myosin heads, causing it to detach from actin 6. Cycle repeats if Ca 2+ still bound to troponin and myosin binding site open on actin 7. If AChE breaks down Ach in synaptic cleft, the impulse stops. Ca 2+ returns to SR & tropomyosin shifts to block myosin binding sites.
82
Rigor Mortis
Ca 2+ in SR starts to release as body decomposes which causes a contraction and then they get stuck (myosin heads bound and no ATP to release them) - after awhile enough decomposition would occur to detach and relax
83
Muscle relaxers action
blocks release of Ca2+ from SR
84
Troponin Test (T-Test)
troponins signal heart attack- find troponins in blood that shouldn't be there notify to the MI
85
What determines force of muscular contraction?
1. myosin-actin overlap in sarcomere 2. elastic components of muscle 3. cross-sectional area
86
What is the optimal sarcomere length & overlap of actin/myosin? Why?
2.0-2.3 μm - because there is a perfect amount of actin to attach to myosin heads (no actin where there are no myosin heads and no myosin heads where there is no actin)
87
Speed of shortening is greater in long muscles (3)?
- equal time to get to 1/2 resting length - speed= distance/time - sarcomeres have additive effect on speed
88
2 different types of fiber orientation
1. parallel 2. pennate
89
Parallel fiber orientation:
- fibers parallel to tension - move light load
90
Pennate fiber orientation:
- fibers oblique to tension - move heavy load - more fibers in a small space
91
Different types of pennate orientation and examples
bipennate - rectus femoris multipennate - deltoid
92
What is a physiological cross section?
it runs perpendicular to muscle fibers - pennate increases
93
Antagonistic muscles define and example
muscles that work against each other - biceps (flexor) vs triceps (extensor)
94
Flexion
moves bones closer together
95
Extension
moves bones away fromeach other
96
Synergistic muscles define and example
both muscles have the same action but have different insertion points (biceps brachii & brachialis)
97
How does exercise affect muscles (4)?
1. small increase in fiber #'s (not adding more cells) 2. increase muscle cross-sectional area (increase width) 3. most increase. in muscle mass due to adding myofilaments (increase muscle fiber diameter) 4. if you don't use it you lose it
98
How does aging affect muscles (3)?
1. skeletal muscle fibers decrease in diameter (loss of myofibrils, myoglobin, glycogen, strength and endurance) 2. increased thickness of connective tissue (less flexibility) 3. speed of recovery decreases (loss of satellite cells)
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