Nigeria

Question 1

where is Nigeria

general, borders, latitude

Answer 1

• on the coast of West Africa
• it borders Cameroon (E), Niger (N), Chad (NE) and Benin (W)
• stretches from 4°N (Gulf of Guinea) to 14°N (Sahel)

Question 2

Nigeria’s importance regionally

Answer 2

highest GDP in Africa (2020)
19 million cattle​
70% of population (+182M) employed in agriculture

Question 3

Nigeria’s importance globally

Answer 3

2.2% world’s oil - 15th largest producer

Question 4

Nigeria’s political context

4

independence, corruption, terrorism, investment

Answer 4

• became independent from British rule in 1960
• Political instability and corruption led to a civil war 1967-1970 and several coup d’etats. Since 1999 Nigeria has had a stable government
• Boko Haram want to abolish democracy and set up their own government under Sharia Law - they have caused conflict which has killed at least 17k
• Countries are now starting to invest in Nigeria!

Question 5

Nigeria’s social context

4

ethnicity, religion, war, terrorism

Answer 5

• Multiethnic - (e.g. Yoruba, Igbo
• Multifaith - Christianity, Islam, trad. African relgions
• Igbo dominated south tried to split from Nigeria, causing a civil war (1967)
• economic inequality btwn N & S -> Boko Haram (Islamic extremist group)

Question 6

Nigeria’s cultural context

Answer 6

Nollywood - 2nd largest film industry, ahead of US, behind India

Question 7

biomes of Nigeria

Answer 7

Northern Nigeria - semi-desert + savanna
Jos Plateau - upland region - wetter + cooler than surrounding savanna
Southern Nigeria - rainforest

Question 8

Nigeria’s environmental context

2

Answer 8

• lost 14% TRF (2005-2020) - population growth, agricultural expansion of cocoa cultivation, logging, mining
• oil ind. responsible for considerable env. degradation in Niger Delta as a result of forest fires & oil spills

Question 9

what was Nigeria’s main source of income traditionally

5

Answer 9

primary products:
* Cocoa
* Timber
* Palm oil
* Groundnuts
* Cotton

Question 10

what changed Nigeria’s industrial structure

2

Answer 10

• discovery of oil in Niger Delta (1950s)
• 10th highest level of oil reserves

Question 10

how important is oil to Nigeria

Answer 10

accounts for 9% of country’s GDP
90% of export earnings

Question 11

1991 - 2020

Changes to Nigeria’s industrial structure

in terms of % GDP

agriculture, ind., services

Answer 11

1991:
* Agriculture - 55%
* Industry - 10%
* Services - 35%

2020:
* Agriculture - 20%
* Industry - 30%
* Services - 50%

Question 12

How is the manufacturing sector stimulating economic development

5

Answer 12

• less need to import
• secure income
• can purchase cars and clothes
• revenue from taxes increase
• attracts foreign investment

Question 13

how is technology developing Nigerias economy

3

Answer 13

• investment in science and technology
• increased use of telecommunications
• more people buying phones

Question 14

(Royal Dutch) Shell (TNC) in Nigeria

2

start, swamp

Answer 14

• began oil extraction in Niger Delta in 1958
• the swampy river delta is one of the most difficult places to extract oil but as a TNC, Shell has been able to invest money and expertise into extracting oil here

Question 15

positives of Shell in Nigeria

3

contracts, employment, education

Answer 15

• giving 91% of Shell contracts to Nigerian companies
• provides direct employment for 2.7k ppl and 9k contractors, 97% are Nigerian
• provides 3k scholarships to secondary scls and universities in Nigeria

Question 16

Negatives of Shell in Nigeria

oil pollution

Answer 16

oil spills from pipelines + oil refineries cause water pollution and contaminate soils, reducing agricultural prod. and fishing yields in the Niger Delta

Question 17

Bodo Oil Spills (2008/2009)

3

Answer 17

• 55yr old Shell pipeline ruptured twice
• 600k barrels of oil into surrounding creeks of Niger Delta
• 11M gallons of crude oil spilt over 2km area

Question 18

effects of Bodo Oil Spills

3

Answer 18

• periwinkle snails now 5x smaller than before oil spill - bait for fish
• 80% of fishermen lost source of income from fishing
• destroyed 1000ha of mangroves and all marine life there

Question 19

what did Shell do after Bodo Oil Spills

5

Answer 19

• blamed it on theft of crude oil, sabotage, illegal refining
• After 8 months, Shell recognised food shortage crisis and they brought food relief
• It was rejected by locals cuz it was inadequate and insulting.
• after 7yrs of protests and hard fought court battles, Shell eventually agreed to pay $83.2M.
• This was split up amongst community. Most families got 600k naira ($3k)

Question 20

what does the nnpc do

3

Answer 20

• Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation
• forms joint ventures with TNCs like Shell
• ensures oil profits stay in Nigeria

Question 21

How have Nigeria’s political links changed

3

Answer 21

• until 1960, part of British Empire
• now Member of British commonwealth
• Leading member of African political and economic groups and international organisations (African Union, ECOWAS, CEN-SAD, WTO, OPEC, UN)

Question 22

what is the African Union

2

Answer 22

• a organization which hopes to unify the African continent similar to the European Union
• includes countries bordering Nigeria (Niger, Chad, Benin, Cameroon) to provide troops

Question 23

What is ECOWAS?

Answer 23

Economic Community of West African States - a trading group - boosts economies

Question 24

What is CEN-SAD?

Answer 24

community of Sahel-Saharan states - a trading group which also develops sporting links

Question 25

What is OPEC and what does it do? | 2

Answer 25

* 'Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries' - deals with petroleum * Stabilizes the price of oil for the exporting countries

Question 26

what is the United nations | 2

Answer 26

* an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security * In 2013, Nigeria contributed the 5th largest number of troops to UN peacekeeping force

Question 27

Nigeria's global trading relationships ## Footnote 2019: (imports, exports), oil

Answer 27

2019: highest imports - China (26%) highest exports - EU (38%) until 2013, USA was Nigeria's biggest customer for its 'sweet oil' (<42% sulphur). But USA got shale oil so India now biggest customer.

Question 28

what international aid has Nigeria received | 3 ## Footnote % aid to African countries, GNI, NGOs

Answer 28

* receives ~6% aid given to African countries * aid accounts for 0.8% GNI - US$1550M (2019) - most came from individual countries like UK & USA, and some from international organisations like the World Bank. * Charities & NGOs have also supported projects in Nigeria

Question 29

How is China aiding Nigeria | 3 ## Footnote railway, drilling, business

Answer 29

* infrastructure -$12B contract to build a railway along Nigeria's coast * funding for oil excavation -$10B in oilfield drilling (2014) * 920 companies in Nigeria

Question 30

Benefits of aid to Nigeria | 2 ## Footnote HIV/AIDS, malaria

Answer 30

* Aid from USA helps educate people about protection and spread of HIV/AIDS * Nets for life (NGO) provides education on malaria prevention and distributes anti-mosquito nets

Question 31

How has an NGO helped Nigeria

Answer 31

Christian Aid: * 2017 - 2019, 360k children under 5, received life-saving treatment.

Question 32

Environmental impacts of economic growth | 5

Answer 32

* Industrial growth * Urban growth * Commercial farming & deforestation * Mining * Oil extraction

Question 33

Environmental impacts of Industrial growth | 2 ## Footnote ind. plants, forests

Answer 33

* ~5k registered ind. plants & 10k illegal small-scale industries. * 96% of Nigeria's forests destroyed

Question 34

Environmental impacts of Urban growth | garbage

Answer 34

* 40ha Olusosun landfill site in Lagos, largest in Africa, one of the largest in the world * 10k tonnes of rubbish/day and 2.1M tonnes/yr

Question 35

Environmental impacts of Commercial farming & deforestation

Answer 35

habitat destruction - including cheetahs, giraffes, and nearly 500 types of plant

Question 36

Environmental impacts of Mining

Answer 36

tin mining - soil erosion

Question 37

Environmental impacts of Oil extraction | ogale oil spills

Answer 37

2013-2016, 40 separate oil spills, mostly from Shell pipelines in Ogoniland in the Niger Delta: * Oil contamination in groundwater is up to 1000 times higher than allowed by Nigerian law - dangerous & unfit for human consumption

Question 38

# 1990-2019 benefits of economic development on QoL | 3 ## Footnote life expectancy, safe water, education

Answer 38

1990 - 2019: * life expectancy rose by ~8.8yrs * ppl w/access to safe water 46% to 85% * secondary school enrolment 25% to 49%

Question 39

has economic development not really effected QoL? | 4

Answer 39

* 40% country still living below 'poverty line' - less than US$400/yr * 57% girls go to primary school and <¼ go to secondary school * HDI - 0.539 * 33% youths unemployed