OCEANS 2

Question 1

Why has global trade grown

Answer 1

Globalisation

Question 2

What is containerisation

Answer 2

System of using standardised steel containers

Question 3

Why did containerisation revoloutionise global trade

Answer 3

Can be mechanised - containers transported onto trucks, onto ships, off ships and onto trucks - more efficient

Question 4

What was the name for pre-containerisation form of loading and unloading ships

Answer 4

Break bulk shipping

Question 5

Compare break bulk shipping process and containerisation

Answer 5

Break bulk shipping could take 8 days, more labour intensive + expensive, risk of accident + damaged goods
containerisation could take 12 hours, less expensive, trackable, carry more cargo

Question 6

How much did port productivity rise due to containterisation

Answer 6

x17.6

Question 7

What is a chokepoint

Answer 7

High point of congestion along shipping routes with narrow channels (due to location)

Question 8

Give 3 examples of chokepoints

Answer 8

Panama canal - between NandS america
English channel
Gulf of Aden - Between Africa and Yemen

Question 9

What is the largest port in Europe

Answer 9

Port of Rotterdam (Netherlands)

Question 10

Why are some shipping company’s struggling to keep up with competition

Answer 10

Overcapacity - too many ship fleets
Economic downturns
Rise of local goods in HIC - education of climate change
Tariffs

Question 11

How have costs been cut for container shipping companies

Answer 11

Consolidation through mergers
Reduces price wars (lower and lower prices)

Question 12

How does UNCLOS aim to reduce oil spills

Answer 12

regulating oil tankers - Banned single hulled oil tankers, Banned tanker flushing

Question 13

What is an example of a major oil spill

Answer 13

Exxon valley oil spill, Alaska - 1989

Question 14

What is piracy caused by

Answer 14

Shipping of expensive commodities - Eg. Oil
Chokepoints cause piracy hotspots

Question 15

Why is piracy such a big issues

Answer 15

Ships and crew held for ransom
Social-economic state of countries + economic rewards

Question 16

What are the political factors causing the Gulf of Arden + Somalia to be such a big piracy hotspot

Answer 16

3 Year decade long civil war, political unrest

Question 17

What are the socio-economic factors causing the Gulf of Arden + Somalia to be such a big piracy hotspot

Answer 17

Lowest life expectancies and lowest GDP of the world
No arable land
Lack of infrastructure - schools and hospital
Other countries have exploited their resources

Question 18

What are the Economic rewards of pircay causing the Gulf of Arden + Somalia to be such a big piracy hotspot

Answer 18

Funded by investors
Hold for ransom - Average ransom = $2.7million

Question 19

How does NATO, operation ocean shield protect against pircay

Answer 19

Maritime security in gulf of Aden via military presence, advises vessels about risks of piracy - hands out supplies
Supplied by Italy, US, UK, Turkey

Question 20

What are some anti-piracy weapons

Answer 20

Fire hose, Electric fence, Dazzle gun
Aim to delay pirates until NATO can arrive

Question 21

What is illicit trade, What percent of global GDP does this make up

Answer 21

Illegal trade of goods and services
1.5% of global GDP

Question 22

Contrast human trafficking and migrant smuggling

Answer 22

Human trafficking - Movement and exploitation - modern slavery
Migrant smuggling - illegal movement of willing people for a fee

Question 23

What is the main routes across the Mediterranean for Syrian migrants

Answer 23

Turkey - Greece - EU

Question 24

What is the political response to the Syrian migrant crisis

Answer 24

Increase funding for border control
Operation Sophia - save stricken migrant vessels and combat illegal crossings
Relocating asylum seekers among EU countries

Question 25

What percent of data is transported via seafloor cables

Answer 25

99%

Question 26

Why do many MNCs own seafloor cables

Answer 26

Outcompete competitors, No restriction on where cables are placed, sell rights to others

Question 27

Around how many seafloor cables are laid

Answer 27

Over 400

Question 28

How does the distribution of seafloor cables effect development

Answer 28

More connected countries develop quicker, companies will have little interest in investing in LIC

Question 29

What human factors impact distribution of seafloor cables

Answer 29

Population density, Income, Demand, Politics (Dictatorship)

Question 30

What physical facts impact the distribution of seafloor cables

Answer 30

Landlocked countries, Terrain, Areas prone to sub-Marnie hazards, Icebergs

Question 31

What is outsourcing

Answer 31

Reducing operation costs by outsourcing labour from other countries

Question 32

What is one example of outsourcing

Answer 32

Teleradiology solutions, India Radiologists in India interpret scans and give diagnosis, passes time zones, making it more efficient (24/7). Save money employing radiologists in HIC

Question 33

Why have many countries outsourced to India

Answer 33

Cheap labour, lower wages, good education system, population speaks English as second language, passes time zone, making it 24/7 efficient

Question 34

What are the risks to sea cables

Answer 34

Fishing ships dragging nets, anchors Earthquakes and cyclones deliberate sabotage shark bites

Question 35

Why do some places have more then one cable connecting them

Answer 35

If one breaks, the network will still run smoothly

Question 36

Example of Environmental factors damaging sea floor cables

Answer 36

Toga Volcano, 2022 Tawian Earthquake, 2006 Hurricane Iwa, 1982

Question 37

What is an example of sabotage to sea floor cables

Answer 37

2013, Egyptian military arrested 3 divers, attempting to cut cables

Question 38

How are sea floor cables managed

Answer 38

UNCLOS + International Cable Protection Committee.- No fishing and No anchoring zones. Automatic Identification system. Cables are marked on navigational charts.