P29 - Proteins

Question 1

proteins are made by what (2)

Answer 1

• liver

- lymphatics

Question 2

albumin is about what % of total proteins

Answer 2

• 50%

Question 3

how are globulins calculated

Answer 3

• total proteins minus albumin %

Question 4

why would total protein be higher in plasma than in serum

Answer 4

• because of fibrinogen -> fibrin

Question 5

changes in [total protein] are usually due to changes in what

Answer 5

• albumin and 1 or more of the globulin concentrations

Question 6

what plasma protein plays a major role in oncotic pressure

what is it’s trend

Answer 6

• albumin

- as albumin increases -> oncotic pressure increases

Question 7

takes longer for hypoalbuminemia to develop when albumin production decreases in what species

Answer 7

• horses

- 1/2 life is 3 weeks

Question 8

type of proteins that change in production soon after onset of inflammation

Answer 8

• acute-phase

Question 9

plasma proteins that increase production within hours of onset of inflammation

Answer 9

• positive acute-phase proteins

Question 10

examples of positive acute phase proteins (2)

Answer 10

• fibrinogen

- haptoglobin

Question 11

plasma proteins that decrease production within hours to weeks of onset of inflammation

Answer 11

• negative acute-phase proteins

Question 12

examples of negative acute phase proteins (2)

Answer 12

• transferrin

- albumin

Question 13

delayed-response proteins

Answer 13

• immunoglobulins (produced by lymphocytes)

- changes in concentrations occurs 1-3 weeks after inflammation

Question 14

interferences for [TP] of refractometry (5)

Answer 14

• increase [glucose]
• increase [urea]
• increase [Na and Cl]
• lipemia
• excess EDTA in blood (short samples)

Question 15

what does not interfere with [TP] for refractometry

Answer 15

• bilirubin

Question 16

Bromocresol green (BCG) for [albumin] will sometimes bind

Answer 16

• globulins

Question 17

diseases and conditions of hyperfibrinogenemia (3)

Answer 17

• increased fibrinogen production
• inflammation
• hemoconcentration (dehydration)

Question 18

disease and conditions of hypofibrinogenemia (7)

Answer 18

• increased fibrinogen consumption
• intravascular coagulation
• increased fibrinogenolysis
• decreased synthesis of fibrinogen
• hepatic insufficiency
• afibringoenemia
• DIC

Question 19

dysproteinemia

Answer 19

• abnormal protein concentration

Question 20

what proteins are affected in nonselective dysproteinemia

Answer 20

• all proteins

Question 21

what proteins are affected in selective dysproteinemia

Answer 21

• some affected, some not

Question 22

dehydration protein trend

Answer 22

• increase concentration of all proteins -> increase [TP]

Question 23

hemodilution protein trend

Answer 23

• decrease concentration of all proteins -> decrease [TP]

Question 24

chronic inflammation protein trend

Answer 24

• decrease [albumin]

- increase [globulins]

Question 25

protein-losing nephropathy protein trend

Answer 25

- decrease [albumin] | - not all globulin concentrations decreased

Question 26

hyperproteinemia caused by 3 things

Answer 26

- dehydration - inflammation - B-lymphocyte neoplasm

Question 27

pathogenesis of dehydration causing hyperproteinemia

Answer 27

- decreased plasma water - increase concentration of all plasma proteins - hemoconcentration

Question 28

inflammation acute phase response

Answer 28

- mild increase [TP] | - increase globulins (positive acute-phase proteins)

Question 29

inflammation delayed phase response

Answer 29

- mild to marked increase [TP] - increase [TP] with increase globulins and decreased albumin - polyclonal gammopathy

Question 30

b-lymphocyte neoplasm

Answer 30

- decreased albumin - produce Ig - monoclonal (narrow-based region)

Question 31

hypoproteinemia caused by 2 basic mechanisms

Answer 31

- increase protein loss from vessels | - decreased protein production by liver

Question 32

diseases and conditions that cause increase protein loss from vascular space (5)

Answer 32

- blood loss - protein-losing nephropathy - protein-losing enteropathy - protein-losing dermatopathy (burn patient) - extravasation of plasma proteins (2nd or 3rd space)

Question 33

diseases and conditions that cause decreased protein synthesis (3)

Answer 33

- hepatic insufficiency - malabsorption of maldigestion - cachectic states (neoplasia, chronic disease)

Question 34

pathogenesis of blood loss causing increased protein loss

Answer 34

- decrease blood volume - > H2O shifts from extravascular to intravascular space - > hemodilution -> hypoproteinemia & anemia

Question 35

protein-losing nephropathy causing increased protein loss

Answer 35

- albumin and smaller globulins pass through porous glomeruli (larger remain in plasma) - > proteinuria - > hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia (selective)

Question 36

protein-losing enteropathy causing increased protein loss

Answer 36

- increase rate of proteins entering intestine & not resorbed (albumin & most globulins) - > hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia & decreased [globulins] (nonselective)

Question 37

protein-losing dermatopathy (burn patient) causing increased protein loss

Answer 37

- plasma proteins oozing out of blood vessels (albumin & globulins) - > hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia & decreased [globulins] (nonselective)

Question 38

later protein-losing dermatopathy (burn patient) will lead to

Answer 38

- increased globulins and inflammatory dysproteinemia

Question 39

extravasation of plasma proteins (2nd or 3rd space) causing increased protein loss

Answer 39

- plasma oozes out of blood vessels (albumin & globulins) - > H2O enters ECF to dilute proteins - > hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia & decreased [globulins] (nonselective)

Question 40

hepatic insufficiency causing decreased production of protein production

Answer 40

- decrease production of albumin & most globulins - hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia (selective) - gamma- globulins not decreased - but total may be

Question 41

malabsorption of maldigestion decreased production of protein production

Answer 41

- decrease intake of nutrients (eating but starving) - too few amino acids for protein production - hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia & decreased globulins (nonselective)

Question 42

cachectic states (malignancies, chronic disease) decreased production of protein production

Answer 42

- decrease intake of nutrients (anorexia) - decrease protein production or - increased protein degradation exceeds production - hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia & decreased [globulins] (nonselective)