P42 - Lipids

Question 1

lipids are soluble in ____ and relatively insoluble in ___

Answer 1

• organic solvents

- H2O

Question 2

cholesterol is mostly produced in ____

Answer 2

• hepatocytes

Question 3

cholesterol is liberated from _____

Answer 3

• lipoproteins

Question 4

triglycerides are in _____

Answer 4

• lipoproteins

Question 5

triglycerides are produced in (monogastric) in fasting and postprandial situation

Answer 5

• hepatocytes

- enterocytes

Question 6

FA (fatty acids) attached to alcohol is an

Answer 6

• esterified fatty acid

Question 7

hyperlipemia and hyperlipidemia are increase in

Answer 7

• lipids

Question 8

hyperlipoproteinemia is increase in

Answer 8

• lipid proteins

Question 9

expected clearing of chylomicrons in dogs and cats is 8 hours - if delayed think

Answer 9

• secondary (acquired) hyperlipidemia

Question 10

how does hypothyroidism cause an increase in cholesterol

Answer 10

• decrease hepatic lipase -> decrease clearance of LDL

- decrease thyroxine -> decrease LPL activity

Question 11

how does diabetes mellitus cause an increase in TG

Answer 11

• decrease insulin -> decrease LPL activity

- increase VLDL synthesis (influx of FA)

Question 12

how does equine hyperlipemia cause an increase in TG

Answer 12

• anorexia, obesity, pregnancy, lactation, renal failure, endoteoxemia
• > negative energy balance -> mobilization of FA -> increase synthesis of TG in hepatocytes -> increase VLDL (increase [TG])

Question 13

values of [cholesterol] and [triglyceride] in hypothyroidism dog (also know mechanism)

Answer 13

• increase to highly increase

- increase

Question 14

values of [cholesterol] and [triglyceride] in portosystemic shunt dog (also know mechanism)

Answer 14

• decrease

- WRI

Question 15

values of [cholesterol] and [triglyceride] in hepatic failure dog (also know mechanism)

Answer 15

• decrease

- WRI

Question 16

values of [cholesterol] and [triglyceride] in postprandial cat or dog (also know mechanism)

Answer 16

• WRI - increase

- increase to highly increase

Question 17

values of [cholesterol] and [triglyceride] in diabetes mellitus cat or dog (also know mechanism)

Answer 17

• increase

- increase to moderate increase

Question 18

values of [cholesterol] and [triglyceride] in equine hyperlipidemias in horse (also know mechanism)

Answer 18

• WRI - increase

- increase to highly increase

Question 19

increase cholesterol production by what 2 things and why

Answer 19

• hepatocytes - nephrotic syndrome or protein-losing nephropathy
• enterocytes - postprandial hyperlipidemia

Question 20

hypothyroidism and nephrotic syndrome or protein-losing nephropathy can cause decrease intravascular processing or clearance of lipoproteins and result in ____ cholesterol

Answer 20

• increase

- hypercholesterolemia

Question 21

increase triglyceride production by what 2 things and why

Answer 21

• hepatocytes - equine hyperlipemia or hyperlipidemia

- enterocytes - postprandial hyperlipidemia

Question 22

hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome and lipoprotein lipase deficiency can cause decrease intravascular processing or clearance of lipoproteins resulting in ____ triglycerides

Answer 22

• increase

- hypertriglyeridemia

Question 23

what 2 hypothyroidism pathogenesis can cause increase in cholesterol

Answer 23

• T3 and T4

- creates a decrease clearance of LDLs and decrease intravascular processing

Question 24

postprandial pathogenesis resulting in increase triglycerides

Answer 24

• ingest TG-containing meal -> increase formation of chylomicrons -> chylomicrons enter lacteals -> enter blood

Question 25

diabetes mellitus pathogenesis resulting in increase triglycerides

Answer 25

- if insulin deficiency - > decrease lipoprotein lipase activity -> decrease intravascular lipolysis - > increase mobilization of fuels -> increase production of VLDLs

Question 26

equine hyperlipidemias pathogenesis resulting in increase triglycerides

Answer 26

- negative energy status -> increase glucagon -> increase lipolysis of TG in adipocytes -> increase fatty acids to liver -> increase triglyceride synthesis (may see hepatic lipidosis)

Question 27

portosystemic shunt/liver failure causing decrease cholesterol pathogenesis

Answer 27

- decrease functional hepatic mass -> decrease production of VLDLs -> decrease plasma lipoproteins

Question 28

negative energy balance and fatty acid concentrations (3)

Answer 28

- negative energy balance -> increase glucagon release -> increase HS-lipase in adipocytes -> increase TG to FA - diary cow transition period -> excessive increase [FA] -> increase AcCOA (increase ketogenesis and increase TG (hepatic lipidosis)