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Question 1

Urban stakeholders’ views on regeneration p1

Answer 1

• The relative success of regeneration is often viewed differently by individuals and groups of stakeholders.
• Their views will depend on a range of factors, particularly their own perceptions, attachments and motives, as shown in Figure 18.3.
• In a globalising world with an astonishing pace of technological change, leaders and planners have to create places to attract an ever-more mobile and educated population and customer base.
• This is often at a global level, not just regional, national or local.
• Party politics may affect decisions and the longevity of any scheme.
• According to the Conservative government in 2015, successful regeneration involved achieving additional economic, social and environmental outcomes that would not otherwise have occurred’.
• It should represent ‘good value for money’. Intervention was only seen as needed if market forces failed with resulting inequity.
• Benefit-cost ratios were based on cost per job and per hectare of open space improved. In England, unlike the rest of the UK, delivering regeneration became a local matter after 2010.

Question 2

Urban stakeholders’ views on regeneration p2

Answer 2

• The national government has just a strategic and supporting role, and has stopped monitoring spatial inequalities or setting targets.
• The previous government’s neighbourhood renewal programmes were cancelled or replaced by small-scale schemes to support coastal and coalfield communities.
• Spending on these schemes has been £32 million per year, on average, whereas the Labour government’s Neighbourhood Renewal Fund alone cost £500 million annually.
• Local economic growth is viewed as critical, overseen by Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs) able to fund housing and infrastructure developments.
• City Deal status gave 28 urban areas powers to attract private investment.
• It is important to differentiate between small- and large-scale schemes.

Question 3

Factors influencing perception of success

Answer 3

Personal perceptions and attachments
Perception of success
Age
Personal experiences of change
Stance towards development and change
Ethnicity
Gender

Question 4

the viewpoints and role of different urban players

Answer 4

Question 5

Broadwater Farm Estate in Tottenham, London

Answer 5

• This estate, infamous for its deadly riot in 1985, has seen several attempts at regeneration.
• It is a high-density housing development accommodating 4000 people with one of the most ethnically diverse communities in Europe (300 languages are represented).
• It remains one of the poorest areas of London.
• The Broadwater Farm Residents’ Association is held up as a model of successful community-led regeneration, campaigning for better facilities and standards.
• The latest regeneration scheme involves some of the advisors and planners involved in the Olympic Park.
• Re-imagining the built environment is seen as essential.

Question 6

How to measure success
Large- and small-scale schemes

Answer 6

• Salford Quays is a successful, innovative cultural flagship project.
• In the nineteenth century Salford Docks, together with the Manchester Ship Canal, were integral to Manchester and, indeed, the North West’s success.
• Deindustrialisation led to polluted waterways and derelict wasteland, transformed from the 1980s into a centre for commerce, retail, the arts and sports.
• The choice to relocate there by the BBC and the development of the UK’s first ‘media city’, costing £550 million, has led to global prestige again.
• Salford Quays has become a desirable residential location with a growing population.
• The city authority was the key stakeholder.
• The research group Rethinking Cities suggests success depends on place details, such as the availability of community activities, perception of safety and safe play areas.
• The role of greenery, sympathetic landscaping and even colour can be important.
• However, traditionally the level of funding for such projects has been far less, so charities and community volunteers have led their development.
• Akzo Nobel’s (Dulux paint) Let’s Colour campaign donated paint to the Humphry Davy School on the Treneere Estate, Penzance, Cornwall.
• The school is in one of the most deprived areas in the country.
• It is now highly visible from the main road, making a statement about its social transformation.

Question 7

measuring success

Answer 7

• Cities, especially in older developed economies such as the UK, have to adapt or lose out.
• Proximity to knowledge rather than to resources is now the primary driver of growth.
• Image is also critical in a competitive world.
• Most schemes have economic, social and environmental elements; larger schemes, in particular, may have sustainability built in to be cost effective.
• Different elements are needed: the ‘legs’ of the stool, i.e. components, may be divided into local and national in this context.
• We have seen that the economic component has become the dominant driver of regeneration, with national benefits sometimes overriding local views.
• This was exemplified in the national fracking debate, the more regional HS2 project, and local Heathrow expansion
• The society component should cater for locals as well as incomers to an area, and not exclude or push them out of their locality, otherwise the regeneration really does not tackle local needs.
• Without a good or enhanced environment, few with any choice will want to live, work in or visit the place, unless trapped by circumstance.
• Flagship, high-profile regeneration schemes need large-scale planning and investment.
• Table 18.3 outlines the key indicators of London’s Olympics.
• Was it worth £9.3 billion invested, including a council tax levy for all Londoners?
• Using the Games as a catalyst for the regeneration of the whole of East London was always going to be ambitious, and continued investment over a long period will still be required.

Question 8

Viewpoints of urban stakeholders

Answer 8

• Different stakeholders will assess success using contrasting criteria.
• Their views will depend on the meaning and lived experiences of the urban place and the impact of change on both the reality and the image of that place.
• You may have a current controversy over a regeneration scheme in your local place, such as the next Place Context based on Silver Hill in Winchester.

Question 9

economic Olympic success?

Answer 9

• £13 billion injected into the national economy, including £130 million worth of new contracts for UK companies.
• The 2012 London Olympics were so successful that the UK was chosen to hold other world events, such as the
  2017 World Athletics Championships.
• The one underperforming feature is the giant sculpture ‘Orbit’; there are plans to reduce entrance fees and add a giant slide to attract more visitors.

Question 10

social Olympic success?

Answer 10

• 10,000 new homes, two primary schools, a secondary school, nine nurseries, three health centres and multipurpose community, leisure and cultural spaces.
• Broadened demographic base; more affluent incomers, who may demand better standards of education and services.
• The UK has not become ‘healthier’ as measured by increased take up of sport, especially by more disadvantaged people in Newham.
• Austerity cuts to local authority and school budgets has limited facilities and training.
• Gentrification has mixed benefits.
• The original athlete flats have been converted into East Village: 2800 new housing units.
• However, entry-level prices are £250,000 for a three-room apartment, so not affordable for most locals.
• The six Olympic Host Boroughs agreed a joint Strategic Regeneration Framework, aiming to achieve convergence in living standards with the rest of London by 2030.
• The Games legacy is seen as key to changing their local reputation and for re-imaging.

Question 11

environmental Olympic success?

Answer 11

• The London Legacy Development Corporation (LLDC) plan - Sustainable Vision for 2030 - is based on people, places and performance.
• 2.5 sq km remediated brownfield land and wetland restoration along the River Lea; 200 buildings demolished and 100 hectares of open green space created.
• New housing is zero carbon and more water efficient in design.
• Easy walk and cycle design in the neighbourhoods with good public transport.

Question 12

Silver Hill, Winchester

Answer 12

• The 2008 mixed land-use proposal supported by Winchester City Council was contested by pressure groups, including Winchester Deserves Better, which attracted 1000 people on a Facebook petition.
• Regeneration is supported, but not this scheme, since it lacked affordable housing and had futuristic, insensitive architecture for the centre of the historic city.
• The High Court found the council to have acted unlawfully and the scheme delayed even further, creating planning blight

Question 13

Contested rural regeneration strategies

Answer 13

• Some decisions on regeneration strategies generate more conflicts within local communities than others.
• You will probably be aware of the internationally famous Eden Project in Cornwall.
• When first proposed some locals feared that the problems of increased traffic would outweigh employment benefits of this futuristic scheme.
• An effective management partnership between private and public investors and local planners ensured that this scheme developed into a global model of regeneration.
• Conversely, there are more conflicts to be seen in restructuring other rural places, such as the North Antrim coast.
• Lastly we will examine the success and failure of some other projects, including a Millennium regeneration project called The Earth Centre.
• This was, and still is, the focus of debate.

Question 14

North Antrim coast

Answer 14

• The Giants Causeway area was designated a World Heritage Site in 1986 because of its unique geology and striking landscape.
• As such, there are a huge number of stakeholders involved in any development decisions.
• Plans to develop a £100 million golf resort called Bushmills Dunes close to the conserved area were disputed in court for more than a decade before being approved in 2013.
• The opponents, the National Trust together with UNESCO, thought the landscape change so close to the protected coastline was inappropriate, despite the potential job creation from its proposed facilities.
• Although approved, the proposal was eventually shelved as it was unable to raise the necessary finances.

Question 15

Mixed success projects

Answer 15

• The Millennium Commission helped create 225 projects with £1.3 billion of Lottery money including the successful Eden Project, 02 arena, Tate Modern, The Lowry gallery in Salford and Cardiff’s Millennium Stadium.
• High-risk, imaginative and futuristic ideas were used.
• Only three of the projects were really unsuccessful, and actually closed.
• The Earth Centre in Doncaster was a rural ex-colliery, redeveloped at a cost of £55 million as an environmental tourist centre.
• However, it failed to attract enough target audience and shut in 2004.
• Since then it has been turned into a children’s outdoor adventure centre and its car park may be redeveloped into a large housing scheme.

Question 16

CASE STUDY - EVALUATING THE SUCCESS OF RURAL REBRANDING - CAUSEWAY COAST - N. IRELAND:

Answer 16

• Rural areas such as the North Antrim coast have used a variety of strategies to encourage restructuring of the local economy.
• The coastline is world famous for the basalt columns of the stunning Giant’s Causeway.
• Through the recent sporting success of local residents like Rory Mcllory, the coast is increasingly becoming recognised, with the return of the Open Golf Championship.
• There have been some successful ‘bottom - up’ local projects to encourage the agricultural economy, including;
  Causeway coast and Glens Borough Council manage a successful Causeway specialist market at the Diamond Shopping Centre once a fortnight, helping local businesses market local foods and crafts, gourmet food and drink, and seasonal fruit and veg.
• North Antrim Community Network has been an important voice and influence in helping rural communities retain their local identity.

Question 17

However, the North Coast needs some Top - Down’ regeneration strategies to focus the North East Region Rural Development Programme. The targets include;

Answer 17

Rural Diversification - £8.5 million to support rural businesses, £55,000 to support 100 farming families as they diversify into activity - based tourism.
New rural workspace - Created 40 new enterprises
Tourism - Increased walking, cycling, water - based activity which has led to a 10% increase in tourism.
Services and Transport
Conservation and Rural Heritage - Support 20 rural projects

Question 18

The changes that have taken place as a consequence of national and local strategies can be judged using a range of ….. variables in a rural area:

Answer 18

economic, social, demographic and environmental

Question 19

Economic Variables:

Answer 19

• Job Creation:
  Measurement: Assessing the net change in employment opportunities.
  Rationale: Increased job opportunities contribute to economic growth and sustainability.
• Income Levels:
  Measurement: Analyzing changes in average household income.
  Rationale: Improvements in income levels indicate enhanced economic well-being for residents.
• Business Development:
  Measurement: Tracking the establishment and growth of local businesses.
  Rationale: A thriving business environment supports economic diversification and stability.
• Investment Inflows:
  Measurement: Evaluating the level of investment from external sources.
  Rationale: Increased investments contribute to economic development and infrastructure improvements.

Question 20

2. Social Variables:

Answer 20

• Education Access and Quality:
  Measurement: Assessing changes in access to education and educational outcomes.
  Rationale: Improved education supports community development and individual opportunities.
• Healthcare Access:
  Measurement: Examining changes in access to healthcare services.
  Rationale: Enhanced healthcare access contributes to the well-being of residents.
• Community Engagement:
  Measurement: Evaluating the level of community participation in decision-making.
  Rationale: Active community engagement fosters a sense of ownership and cohesion.
• Cultural Vibrancy:
  Measurement: Monitoring the preservation and promotion of local cultural heritage.
  Rationale: Maintaining cultural vibrancy enhances community identity and pride.

Question 21

3. Demographic Variables:

Answer 21

Population Growth/Decline:
Measurement: Analyzing changes in the local population.
Rationale: Population trends impact the demand for services and infrastructure.
Age Distribution:
Measurement: Assessing changes in the age distribution of the population.
Rationale: Understanding age demographics helps plan for services catering to specific age groups.
Migration Patterns:
Measurement: Examining patterns of migration into or out of the rural area.
Rationale: Migration trends affect community dynamics and resource allocation.
Youth Retention:
Measurement: Tracking the retention of young people in the area.
Rationale: Retaining youth contributes to the sustainability and vitality of the community.

Question 22

Environmental Variables:

Answer 22

• Land Use Changes:
  Measurement: Analyzing shifts in land use patterns.
  Rationale: Changes in land use impact the environment and the overall character of the area.
• Natural Resource Management:
  Measurement: Evaluating strategies for sustainable natural resource use.
  Rationale: Sustainable resource management supports long-term environmental health.
• Pollution Levels:
  Measurement: Assessing changes in pollution levels (air, water, soil).
  Rationale: Reductions in pollution contribute to a healthier living environment.
• Biodiversity Preservation:
  Measurement: Monitoring efforts to preserve and enhance biodiversity.
  Rationale: Biodiversity preservation supports ecological balance and resilience.

Question 23

CASE STUDY - CONTESTED SPACE - GIANTS CAUSEWAY:

Answer 23

• The Giant’s Causeway on the Causeway Coast has been a World Heritage Site, since 1986, in recognition of its outstanding natural beauty.
• The causeway is Northern Ireland’s most important heritage resource and one of its most visited tourist attractions.
• Its dynamic landscape is also a contested space, meaning that the needs of visitors and other stakeholders may conflict with one another and with the needs of conservation.
• In 2013 a new £18 million Giant’s Causeway Visitor Centre opened at the top of the Causeway.
• The access road was upgraded to turn it into a bus route, complete with bus stop and turning circle right at the outcrop that forms the Causeway.
• Its accessibility means that tourists perceive the area to be safe, whereas in reality, the high - energy waves and popular desire to scramble over the rocks expose visitors to great danger.
• All these changes are important for the economy of the Causeway Coast.
• However, the concern of locals is that tourists dominate and are ruining neighbourliness because they only stay seasonally.
• They say that the increase in traffic pollutes the air and the new buildings degrade the scenery.
• The portrayal of beautiful rugged coastline on postcards and tourist posters suggests a sense of harmony, but what is not shown is a community where the elderly are marginalised, young people disadvantaged, small business owners struggling and community services in decline.

Question 24

Different stakeholders assess success using contrasting criteria; their views will depend on the meaning and lived experiences of a rural place and the impact of change on both the reality and the image of that place:
what stakeholders ?

Answer 24

local and national governments, local businesses and residents

Question 25

. Local Governments:

Answer 25

- Economic Growth and Infrastructure Development: Local governments may prioritise economic indicators such as job creation, increased tax revenue, and the development of infrastructure projects like roads and utilities. - Social Services and Community Well-being: Improvements in education, healthcare, and social services may be key criteria for success, reflecting a focus on enhancing the overall well-being of residents. - Sustainability and Environmental Stewardship: Local governments may prioritise initiatives that promote sustainability, environmental conservation, and responsible land use to ensure the long-term health of the community.

Question 26

2. National Governments:

Answer 26

- Economic Contributions to the National Economy: National governments may assess success based on the rural area's contribution to the national economy, including the generation of exports, GDP growth, and overall economic productivity. - Policy Alignment and Regional Development: Success may be measured in terms of how well the rural area aligns with national policies and contributes to balanced regional development, reducing disparities between urban and rural regions. - Social Inclusion and National Identity: National governments may prioritise initiatives that foster social inclusion and contribute to a positive national identity, highlighting the unique cultural aspects of rural communities.

Question 27

3. Local Businesses:

Answer 27

- Business Viability and Profitability: Local businesses may view success in terms of increased viability, profitability, and opportunities for expansion, reflecting a focus on economic sustainability. - Access to Markets and Supply Chains: Criteria may include improved access to markets, efficient supply chains, and supportive business environments, allowing for growth and competitiveness. - Community Engagement and Support: Success may be linked to the level of community engagement and support, with businesses valuing a positive relationship with residents and local institutions.

Question 28

4. Residents:

Answer 28

- Quality of Life and Livelihoods: Residents may prioritize improvements in the quality of life, including access to education, healthcare, and recreational facilities, as well as overall livelihood opportunities. - Preservation of Cultural Identity: Success may be measured by the extent to which rural development initiatives preserve and promote local cultural identity, traditions, and community values. - Environmental Sustainability: Residents may place importance on environmental sustainability, appreciating initiatives that protect natural resources and maintain a clean and healthy living environment.

Question 29

The management issues on the North Coast are significant, partly because of the large size of the area. However, the number of stakeholders is a particular challenge, the list includes;

Answer 29

The National Trust Moyle District Council Local Farmers Translink Renewable Energy Companies