Packet 1

Question 1

Adaptive Responses

_______ is an increase in cell size (and functional components) that allows it to increase work demands.

a. ) metaplasia
b. ) hyperplasia
c. ) dysplasia
d. ) atrophy
e. ) hypertrophy

Answer 1

e.) hypertrophy

an increase in cell size (and functional components) that allows it to increase work demands

-trophy ⇒ change in cell size

Question 2

Endocytosis is when the cell engulfs material, forms vesicles, and takes material into the cell.

_____ involves microorganisms, damaged cells, and other particles that are then killed/degraded.

Answer 2

Phagocytosis → involves microorganisms, damaged cells, and other particles that are then killed/degraded

Question 3

Adaptive Responses

_______ is an increase in the number of cells (only in tissues with cells capable of division). Usually as the result of a chemical stimulus (i.e. uterus of pregnant women).

a. ) metaplasia
b. ) hyperplasia
c. ) dysplasia
d. ) atrophy
e. ) hypertrophy

Answer 3

b.) hyperplasia

an increase in the number of cells (only in tissues with cells capable of division). Usually as the result of a chemical stimulus (i.e. uterus of pregnant

Question 4

There are two pathways for energy production. Where does aerobic respiration occur?

Answer 4

Aerobic = mitochondria

Anaerobic = cytoplasm

Question 5

What happens if the nucleus is damaged?

1. ) Accumulation of wastes
2. ) Lack of O2 (no ATP)
3. ) Nerve and muscle cells will not work
4. ) Cannot synthesize/make certain proteins
5. ) Transportation problems inside the cell
6. ) Transportation problems into extracellular fluid
7. ) Reactions may not occur
8. ) Damage to cells caused by free radicals
9. ) Proteins will be made in defective forms

Answer 5

Damage to Nucleus

4.) Cannot synthesize/make certain proteins

9.) Proteins will be made in defective forms

Question 6

Endocytosis is when the cell engulfs material, forms vesicles, and takes material into the cell.

_____ involves fluid and dissolved particles.

Answer 6

Pinocytosis → involves fluid and dissolved particles

Question 7

What happens if lysosomes are damaged?

1. ) Accumulation of wastes
2. ) Lack of O2 (no ATP)
3. ) Nerve and muscle cells will not work
4. ) Cannot synthesize/make certain proteins
5. ) Transportation problems inside the cell
6. ) Transportation problems into extracellular fluid
7. ) Reactions may not occur
8. ) Damage to cells caused by free radicals
9. ) Proteins will be made in defective forms

Answer 7

Damage to Lysosomes

1.) Accumulation of wastes

Question 8

Adaptive Responses

_______ is deranged cell growth that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and appearance; usually related to chronic irritation or inflammation.

a. ) metaplasia
b. ) hyperplasia
c. ) dysplasia
d. ) atrophy
e. ) hypertrophy

Answer 8

c.) dysplasia

deranged cell growth that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and appearance; usually related to chronic irritation or inflammation.

• increases risk for cancer*
• common places ⇒ airways of smokers, uterine of women*

Question 9

What happens if the golgi complex is damaged?

1. ) Accumulation of wastes
2. ) Lack of O2 (no ATP)
3. ) Nerve and muscle cells will not work
4. ) Cannot synthesize/make certain proteins
5. ) Transportation problems inside the cell
6. ) Transportation problems into extracellular fluid
7. ) Reactions may not occur
8. ) Damage to cells caused by free radicals
9. ) Proteins will be made in defective forms

Answer 9

Damage to Golgi Complex

6.) Transportation problems into extracellular fluid​

Question 10

Action potential causes the resting membrane to _______. Cell membrane becomes permeable to sodium → Na moves into cell r/t concentration gradient → depolarization occurs (inside of cell isn’t - anymore) → current-carrying ions pass through gap junctions to other cells → impulse conducted through muscle/nerve tissue.

Answer 10

Depolarize / Depolarization

Action potential causes the resting membrane to depolarize.

Cell membrane becomes permeable to sodium → Na moves into cell r/t concentration gradient → depolarization occurs (inside of cell isn’t - anymore) → current-carrying ions pass through gap junctions to other cells → impulse conducted through muscle/nerve tissue.

Question 11

What happens if the cell membrane is damaged?

1. ) Accumulation of wastes
2. ) Lack of O2 (no ATP)
3. ) Nerve and muscle cells will not work
4. ) Cannot synthesize/make certain proteins
5. ) Transportation problems inside the cell
6. ) Transportation problems into extracellular fluid
7. ) Reactions may not occur
8. ) Damage to cells caused by free radicals
9. ) Proteins will be made in defective forms

Answer 11

Damage to Cell Membrane

3.) Nerve and muscle cells will not work

Question 12

All body cells are polarized; at rest, inside is more negative than outside. At this state, the membrane is permeable to K, so it goes out of cell and the inside becomes negative.

Answer 12

Resting Membrane Potential

All body cells are polarized;

At rest, inside is more negative than outside.

At this state, the membrane is permeable to K, so it goes out of cell and the inside becomes negative.

Question 13

What happens if mitochondria are damaged?

1. ) Accumulation of wastes
2. ) Lack of O2 (no ATP)
3. ) Nerve and muscle cells will not work
4. ) Cannot synthesize/make certain proteins
5. ) Transportation problems inside the cell
6. ) Transportation problems into extracellular fluid
7. ) Reactions may not occur
8. ) Damage to cells caused by free radicals
9. ) Proteins will be made in defective forms

Answer 13

Damage to Mitochondria

2.) Lack of O₂ (no ATP)

Question 14

In the resting state of a cell, is the inside of the cell regularly more negatively or more positively charged?

Answer 14

negatively charged

Question 15

What happens if the ER is damaged?

1. ) Accumulation of wastes
2. ) Lack of O2 (no ATP)
3. ) Nerve and muscle cells will not work
4. ) Cannot synthesize/make certain proteins
5. ) Transportation problems inside the cell
6. ) Transportation problems into extracellular fluid
7. ) Reactions may not occur
8. ) Damage to cells caused by free radicals
9. ) Proteins will be made in defective forms

Answer 15

Damage to ER

5.) Transportation problems inside the cell​

Question 16

There are two pathways for energy production. Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

Answer 16

Aerobic = mitochondria

Anaerobic = cytoplasm

Question 17

Adaptive Responses

_______ is a change from one cell type to another that is better able to survive adverse circumstances. Usually triggered by chronic irritation/inflammation.

a. ) metaplasia
b. ) hyperplasia
c. ) dysplasia
d. ) atrophy
e. ) hypertrophy

Answer 17

a.) metaplasia

a change from one cell type to another that is better able to survive adverse circumstances. Usually triggered by chronic irritation/inflammation.

(i.e. smoking)

Question 18

What happens if ribosomes are damaged?

1. ) Accumulation of wastes
2. ) Lack of O2 (no ATP)
3. ) Nerve and muscle cells will not work
4. ) Cannot synthesize/make certain proteins
5. ) Transportation problems inside the cell
6. ) Transportation problems into extracellular fluid
7. ) Reactions may not occur
8. ) Damage to cells caused by free radicals
9. ) Proteins will be made in defective forms

Answer 18

Damage to Ribosomes

4.) Cannot synthesize/make certain proteins

9.) Proteins will be made in defective forms

Question 19

Adaptive Responses

_______ is when the cell reverts to a smaller size and lower level of functioning. This causes a decrease in oxygen and energy needs, making the cell more compatible with survival.

a. ) metaplasia
b. ) hyperplasia
c. ) dysplasia
d. ) atrophy
e. ) hypertrophy

Answer 19

d.) atrophy

when the cell reverts to a smaller size and lower level of functioning. This causes a decrease in oxygen and energy needs, making the cell more compatible with survival

-trophy ⇒ change in cell size

Question 20

Inside of cell returns to more negatively charged because of the pump.

Answer 20

Repolarization

Inside of cell returns to more negatively charged because of the pump.

Question 21

What happens if peroxisomes damaged?

1. ) Accumulation of wastes
2. ) Lack of O₂ (no ATP)
3. ) Nerve and muscle cells will not work
4. ) Cannot synthesize/make certain proteins
5. ) Transportation problems inside the cell
6. ) Transportation problems into extracellular fluid
7. ) Reactions may not occur
8. ) Damage to cells caused by free radicals
9. ) Proteins will be made in defective forms

Answer 21

Damage to Peroxisomes

8.) Damage to cells caused by free radicals