Pathology

Question 1

what happens in ITP?

Answer 1

IgG platelets destroyed by autoantibodies in the spleen

Question 2

who gets ITP?

Answer 2

children after viral illness
chronic form - women with lupus

Question 3

features of TTP?

Answer 3

low platelets
fever
neurological features
renal failure

Question 4

what happens in TTP?

Answer 4

generalised platelet thrombi formation
no activation of coag system (normal coag)

Question 5

features in HUS?

Answer 5

low platelets
fever
renal failure
blood diarrhoea after E coli

Question 6

triad of thrombosis?

Answer 6

endothelial injury
alteration of flow
hypercoagulable

Question 7

what is waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome? cause?

Answer 7

bilateral adrenal infarction

Gram-negative endotoxaemia due to meningococcal meningitis

Question 8

antibodies in lupus?

Answer 8

anti dsDNA
anti SM

Question 9

characterisitics of amyloid?

Answer 9

B pleated sheats
congo red staining
apple green bifringence under light

Question 10

what causes primary amyloidosis?

Answer 10

plasma cell malignancy
e.g MM or b cell lymphoma

Question 11

what can cause secondary amyloidosis?

Answer 11

acute phase reactant protein is produced by the liver
in inflam states e.g SLE, IBD..

Question 12

what viruses cause cancer?

Answer 12

HTLV 1 for leukemia and lymphoma

Hep B - HCC

EBV - lymphoma, nasopharyngeal tumours

HPV - papilloma, cervical Ca

Herpes 8 virus - kaposi’s sarcoma

Question 13

Ix findings in acute glomerulonephritis?

Answer 13

anti strepsolysin O titres raised

RBC casts in renal tubules

IgG/IgM and C3 deposits in glomeruli

Question 14

what happens in goodpastures disease?

Answer 14

autoantibodies produced against type IV collagen in the BM of glomerulus and lungs

Question 15

features of PKD?

Answer 15

aut dom

mutation on chromosome 16

Question 16

what are carcinoid tumours?

Answer 16

serotonin producing neuroendocrine tumours

Question 17

commonest site for carcinoid tumours?

Answer 17

appendix (benign)

TI (malignant)

Question 18

what causes carcinoid heart syndrome? features?

Answer 18

mets to liver -> serotonin secreted into IVC -> R side of heart

fibrosis of RA/RV/Tricuspid valve and pulmonary vessels

Question 19

what are features of carcinoid syndrome?

Answer 19

diarrhoea
flushing
bronchospasm

Question 20

why does sheehan’s syndrome occur?

Answer 20

pituitary enlarges during pregnancy
more susceptible to ischaemia

Question 21

where does coagulative necrosis occur?

Answer 21

kidney
heart
adrenals
hypoxia

Question 22

where does liquefactive necrosis occur?

Answer 22

brain

Question 23

where does fat necrosis occur?

Answer 23

pancreas

Question 24

where does gangrenous necrosis occur?

Answer 24

GI tract
peripheral limbs

Question 25

where does caseous necrosis occur?

Answer 25

TB infection

Question 26

what are Actinomyces?

Answer 26

gram +ve branching filamentous rods that resemble fungi commensals in oral/GI/female GU tract

Question 27

how does Actinomycosis occur?

Answer 27

mucosal barrier disrupted

Question 28

diagnosis of Actinomycosis?

Answer 28

sulphur granules

Question 29

what lines the endocervix and ectocervix?

Answer 29

endocervix - columnar ectocervix - squamous, non keratinised

Question 30

what type of epithelium does the ovaries have?

Answer 30

cuboidal

Question 31

what type of epithelium does the fallopian tubes have?

Answer 31

columnar

Question 32

what type of epithelium does the endometrium have?

Answer 32

columnar

Question 33

what type of epithelium does the vagina have?

Answer 33

stratified squamous non keratinised

Question 34

what type of epithelium does the ureters have?

Answer 34

transitional

Question 35

what type of epithelium does the bladder have?

Answer 35

transitional

Question 36

features of dysplasia?

Answer 36

hyperchromatism poikilocytosis anisocytosis

Question 37

what does PT measure?

Answer 37

extrinsic pathway (activated by tissue factors)

Question 38

how is haemophilia A passed on?

Answer 38

X linked recessive (males) factor VIII deficiency

Question 39

what is thrombophilia B?

Answer 39

X linked disorder deficiency in factor IX

Question 40

what does vWF do?

Answer 40

produced by endothelial cells for platelets to attach to

Question 41

what happens in di george syndrome?

Answer 41

failure of development of 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches no parathyroid and thymus glands