Physiology

Question 1

what effect does Oestrogen + progesterone have on the biliary system?

Answer 1

incomplete GB emptying
spider naevie
increased bile acid conc
increased cholesterol synthesis
inhibits canalicular excretion

Question 2

life span of RBC?

Answer 2

120days

Question 3

life span of platelets?

Answer 3

5-9days

Question 4

life span of WCC?

Answer 4

2-5days

Question 5

what does indirect coombs test?

Answer 5

in vitro
detect low level Abs in serum

Question 6

what does direct coombs test?

Answer 6

in vivo
detects antibody/complement attached to antigens

Question 7

most abundant calcium phosphate salt in bone?

Answer 7

Hydroxylapatite

Question 8

what triggers PTH production?

Answer 8

low Ca sensed by parathyroid glands

Question 9

what does PTH cause on what organs?

Answer 9

kidney - ca reabsorbed in renal tubule

Bone resorption

Ca absorption from the gut - hydroxylation of Vit D

Question 10

ALP, P and PTH in myeloma?

Answer 10

ALP normal
P normal/high
PTH normal/high

Question 11

ALP, P and PTH in hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 11

ALP normal/high
P low
PTH high

Question 12

ALP, P and PTH in hyperthyroid?

Answer 12

ALP normal/high
P normal/high
PTH low

Question 13

ALP, P and PTH in vit D excess?

Answer 13

ALP low
P high
PTH low

Question 14

what does PCT reabsorb 100% of?

Answer 14

glucose
AA
carboxylate

Question 15

what does PCT reabsorb?

Answer 15

Urea
Na
K
Phos
bicarbonate

Question 16

weight and volume of non pregnant vs term uterus?

Answer 16

Non pregnant
weight - 40-50g
volume - 10ml

Term
weight - 1100-1200g
volume - 5000ml

Question 17

where is ADH secreted from?

Answer 17

posterior pituitary

Question 18

what does ADH cause?

Answer 18

increase Na reabsorption in loop of henle

increase urea transport in collecting duct (flow out and water in)

insertion of aquaporins into collecting duct and DCT

Question 19

high osmolality meaning?

Answer 19

dehydrated

Question 20

phases of wound healing?

Answer 20

1 haemostasis
2 inflammatory
3 proliferation
4 remodelling

Question 21

what happens when calcitonin increased in bone?

Answer 21

Inhibits osteoclast resorption of bone
Stimulates osteoblast activity in bone to sequester calcium
decreased phosphate

Question 22

predominant cell type in wound healing for first 48hrs?

Answer 22

Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte
(PMN)

Question 23

predominant cell type in wound healing for 3-4 days?

Answer 23

macrophages

Question 24

At what stage of fetal development does fetal haemoglobin (HbF) replace embryonic haemoglobin?

Answer 24

10-12weeks after birth

Question 25

What is the primary form of haemoglobin in a 6 week old foetus?

Answer 25

Hb Gower 1

Question 26

what cells produce calcitonin?

Answer 26

Thyroid C-cells

Question 27

what cells produce PTH?

Answer 27

Parathyroid Chief cells

Question 28

T scores for osteoporosis?

Answer 28

T-score 0 to -1 Normal bone density T-score -1 to -2.5 Osteopenia T-score -2.5 or less Osteoporosis