What induces the primary peristaltic wave?
Caudal pharyngeal muscle contraction
What cranial nerve is associated with muscles of mastication?
CN V - the trigeminal
What cranial nerves are involved in swallowing?
V, VII, IX, X, XII
How does the esophagus differ between dogs and cats/horses?
Dogs- skeletal muscle diffusely Cats/horses - the caudal 1/3 is smooth muscle (myenteric plexus); the cranial 2/3 is striated muscle (PNS/vagus nerve)
Normal gastric peristalsis rate?
3 waves/min
Gastric emptying of LIQUIDS
non-caloric = monoexponential caloric = slower linear rate depending on volume expansion
What are the three phases of solid food emptying? Give a short description of each.
- Initial lag phase - little to no food empties; food ground to 1-2 mm particles 2. Prolonged steady state phase - constant emptying rate determined by caloric density 3. Dogs - Digestive migrating motility complex - late slow phase that occurs when the stomach is nearly empty 3. Cats - Digestive migrative spike complex
What is the difference between the canine digestive motility complex and the feline digestive migrating spike complex?
DMSC - higher propagation speed, shorter contraction duration and greater force of contraction when compared to DMMC in dogs
What are the 3 phases of the digestive migrating motility complex?
Phase 1: quiescent Phase 2: activity Phase 3: intense contractions - sweeping peristaltic waves every 4-5 min; during fasting state occurs every 110 min or so
What are the functions of cholecystokinin? (4)
- gall bladder contraction - stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion - Relaxation of sphincter of Oddi - Delays gastric emptying (counteracts gastrin)
What is the function of secretin? (2)
- secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreatic ductal cells in response to acid in the SI - slightly delays gastric emptying
What are the functions of gastrin?
- stimulates gastric acid secretion by parietal cells - pancreatic enzyme secretion - gastric motor function and the pyloric pump
What are the normal GI transit times (according to O’Brien and Miyabayashi)?
- Gastric transit: 15-25 minutes to duodenum - Complete gastric empty: 76 min - SI transit: 90-120 minutes to reach the ICJ - SI emptying: 3-5 hours (completely in colon)
Where do epulides arise from?
the periodontal ligament
Where do odontogenic tumors arise from?
Dental lamina
In order, what are the common oral malignancies in cats and dogs?
Dogs: melanoma, SCC, FSA Cats: SCC, FSA
What causes gastric mucosal mineralization in uremia?
metastatic calcification, local acidosis, ischemia, hyperparathyroidism
What would indicate delayed gastric emptying?
- retained liquid barium in stomach >4 hours - some liquid barium present in stomach >12 hours - large amount of barium meal retained >8-10h
In the presence of a GDV, what is the specificity of gastric pneumatosis for gastric necrosis.
high specificity at 93% (pneumoperitoneum 90%)
Where is intestinal adenocarcinoma most commonly found?
dogs - duodenum cats - jejunum and ileum
What bloodwork changes can you see with PLE?
hypoalbuminemia, hypoglobulinemia, hypocholesterolemia and lymphopenia
what paraneoplastic syndromes can be induced by leiomyomas/leiomyosarcomas?
hypoglycemia and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
In the instance of colonic torsion, what vessels may be involved/occluded?
caudal mesenteric, left colic and occasionally the cranial mesenteric artery (would lead to global mesenteric ischemia)
What are the common feline colonic neoplasms (in order)?
adenocarcinoma, LSA, MCT
