1
Q
Most common cause of neonatal sepsis in India
A
Klebsiella
2
Q
Most common cause of neonatal sepsis in World
A
Acinetobacter
3
Q
Most common cause of early onset sepsis
A
Group B Streptococcus (S. agalactae)
4
Q
Most common congenital heart disease
A
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
5
Q
Triad of congenital rubella syndrome
A
Cataracts, Sensorineural deafness, Congenital heart disease (PDA)
6
Q
Most common cause of pneumonia in children <5 years
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae
7
Q
Most common hereditary coagulation disorder
A
Factor V Leiden
8
Q
Most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia
A
21α-hydroxylase deficiency
9
Q
Reflex appearing after birth and never disappears
A
Parachute Reflex
10
Q
Hep- B positive mother ( antenatal ), neonate should be given
A
Hep-B vaccine and Ig
11
Q
Recent update - Additional dose of Fipv3 is given at
A
9 months (Fractional IPV) along with measles
12
Q
Vaccines not following open vial policy
A
BCG, Measles, Rota Virus, JE
13
Q
Most common cause of inspiratory
stridor in a child
A
Laryngomalacia
14
Q
Single umbilical artery is associated
with
A
Renal anomalies
15
Q
Infant of diabetic mother is at risk of
development of
A
Hypoglycemia
16
Q
Vitamin K is given at birth to prevent
A
Hemorrhagic Disease of Newborn
17
Q
Drug used to close PDA
A
Indometh/Ibuprofen
18
Q
Drug used to keep PDA open
A
Alprostadil
Mnemonic - oPEn - PgE
19
Q
Post term neonate is neonate born
beyond
A
42 week
20
Q
Short stature , primary amenorrhea, widely spaced nipples
A
Turner Syndrome
21
Q
Abdominal pain, hematuria, palpable purpura
A
Diagnosis - Henoch Schonlein purpura
Deposits Ig - IgA
22
Q
Duodenal villous atrophy
A
Anti endomysial antibodies / TTG - Celiac Sprue
23
Q
Cola coloured urine, HTN following boil over leg
A
Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
24
Q
Effacement of podocytes, edema, massive proteinuria in a child
A
Minimal change disease
25
Stare with absent blinking
Absence seizure
26
Absence seizure EEG Pattern
3 Hz Spike and wave Pattern
27
Absence seizure - DOC
Ethosuximide
28
Ethosuximide MOA
eTHos - T-type calcium channels in THalamus
29
Complex partial seizure DOC
C for C
Carbamazepine
30
Features of Simple Febrile Seizure
Duration: 15 mins
Once in 24 hrs
Generalized NOT FOCAL
31
DOC for Status Epilepticus
1st - Lorazepam
2nd - Fosphenytoin
32
Infantile Spasm - West Syndrome DOC
ACTH
West is Act
33
Infantile spasms in tuberous sclerosis complex - DOC
Vigabatrin
34
Juvenlile Myoclonic Epilepsy DOC
Valproate
35
Which grade is Bitots Spot
X1B
36
Treatment of Vitamin A Deficiency in <6 months
50,000 units
37
Treatment of Vitamin A Deficiency in 6-12 months
1,00,000 units
38
Treatment of Vitamin A Deficiency in >12 months
2,00,000 units
38
Vitamin A Dose in National Immunization Programme
Along with measles 1,00,000 units and then 2,00,000 every 6 months till 5 years
39
Extremely Low Birth Weight (ELBW) is defined as a weight less than
1) 1 kg
40
A baby is classified as Small for Gestational Age (SGA) if their weight is less than the _____.
1) 10th percentile
41
A baby is classified as Appropriate for Gestational Age (AGA) if their weight is between the _____.
1) 10th and 90th percentile
42
A baby is classified as Large for Gestational Age (LGA) if their weight is greater than the _____.
1) 90th percentile
43
Conditions associated with LGA include _____ and _____.
1) Infant of Diabetic Mother (IDM)
2) Beckwith Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS)
44
What is the osmolarity of Reduced osmolarity ORS
245 mOsm/L
45
Osmolarity of Each solute in Reduced Osmolarity ORS
Glucose - 75
Sodium - 75
Chloride - 65
Citrate - 10
Potassium - 20
46
Epinephrine/Adrenaline Dilution for Various cases
ACL - Anaphylaxis, Cardiac, With Lignocaine
1000
10,000
1,00,000
47
Features in Pediatrics of Toxoplasmosis - Taxi
Eye Finding - Chorioretinitis - Headlight in fog apperance
Test - Sabin Feldman Dye Test - Driver Name
Throughout Calcification
48
CMV Features in Pediatrics
C - See - Owl Eye
M - E - SNHL
V - periVentricular calcification
49
Congenital Rubella in Pediatrics
PDA
SNHL
Cataract
50
Retinopathy characteristic of Congenital Rubella
Salt and Pepper Retinopathy
51
Blueberry Muffin Lesions characteristic of
Congenital Rubella
52
What is Hutchison triad
* Teeth (notching / peg shaped incisors)
* Interstitial keratitis
* Deafness
53
What is charactersitic of congenital syphillis not seen in other forms
Has vesicles which are not seen in other forms
54
Achondroplasia Gene
FGFR3 Gene - Defect in Chromosome 4
55
Achondroplasia Signs
Champagne Glass Pelvis
Chevron Sign
Trident Sign
56
Delayed Dentition - No dendition at 13 months cause
Congenital Hypothyroidism
57
Weight Doubles at ___ months
Height Double at ___ years
Weight Doubles at 4 months
Height Double at 4 years
58
Upper Segment: Lower Segment Ratio - At birth and 7 years
At Birth - 1.7:1
At 7 years - 1:1
59
Decreased US:LS ratio
- Spine is affected
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia
60
Increased US:LS ratio
Limb Dwarfism
Achondroplasia
61
What type of Dwarfism is Achondroplasia
Rhizomelic dwarfism
62
What is MRSOPA in Neonatal Resuscitation Protocol Stand for
M - Mask - right size and fit
R - Reposition - Neck or Mask
S - Suction
O - Open mouth
P - Increase pressure if not chest rising
A - Consider Altrernate Airway like intubation
63
Common Congenital Disorders with Hypergonadotrophic Hypogonadism
Turners and Kleinfilters Syndrome
64
Clinical features associated with Turners Syndrome
Bicuspid Valve
Coarcation of Aorta
Horse Shoe Kidney
65
Noonas Syndrome Valvular defect
Pulmonary Stenosis
66
Patau Syndrome C/F
P is the key word
Chromosome 13 - Puberty at 13
cleft Palate/lip
cutis aPlasia
Polydactly
holoProsencephaly
67
Edwards Syndrome
Mnemonic - EDwards
Early Death
Everything Down - Triple Marker
68
Clinical Features of Edwards Syndrome
Chromosome 18
Overriding of fingers
Rockerbottom feet
Strawberry skull
69
Hematological malignancy associated with Down Syndrome
ALL
AML M7 - QQ
70
Associations of Downs Syndrome
Duodenal Atresia
Hirschprung Disease
Endocardial Cushion defect
71
Bronchiolitis causative organism
Respiratory synctitial virus
72
Drugs used in Treatment and Prophylaxis of Respiratory synctitial virus
Treatment - Ribavirin
Prophylaxis - Polivizumab
73
Thumb print sign on X-ray is pathognomic of
Epiglottitis
74
Steeple sign on X-ray is pathognomic of
Croup/ laryngotracheal bronchitis
75
Prenatal Diagnosis of Neural Tube Defects
Increased AFP
Increased Ach Esterase
76
Dose of folic acid normally to prevent Neural Tube Defects
400 mcg or 0.4 mg atleast 1 month prior to planning pregnancy
77
Dose of folic acid in patients on antiepileptics to prevent Neural Tube Defects
4000 mcg or 4 mg atleast 1 month prior to planning pregnancy
78
Definition: Low birth weight
A baby weighing less than 2.5 kg.
79
Definition: Very low birth weight
A baby weighing less than 1.5 kg.
80
Leading causes of neonatal mortality in India (order)
1) Prematurity 2) Neonatal infections 3) Birth asphyxia.
81
Cell type that produces surfactant
Type II pneumocytes of the lung.
82
Surfactant production timing
Surfactant production begins around 20 weeks; measurable in amniotic fluid by ~28 weeks.
83
Most common cause of polyhydramnios
Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF).
84
Classification used for tracheoesophageal fistula
Gross classification.
85
Most common type of TEF (Gross classification)
Type C — proximal esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula (most common).
86
Gas in abdomen in Type A TEF?
No — Type A (pure esophageal atresia) shows no gas in abdomen.
87
Distal gas only present in which TEF type?
Type E (H-type, isolated TEF) — may show only distal gas.
88
Which TEF type commonly causes recurrent aspirations?
Type B is classically associated with recurrent aspirations.
89
Most common cause of oligohydramnios
Potter's sequence (often due to renal agenesis leading to oligohydramnios).
90
POTTER mnemonic (features)
Pulmonary hypoplasia, Oligohydramnios, Twisted skin, Twisted face, Extremity defects, Renal agenesis.
91
Least common cause of neonatal mortality
Injuries.
92
When does a child's weight double and triple?
Doubles by ~5 months; triples by 1 year.
93
When does a child's height double and triple?
Height doubles by ~4 years; triples by ~12 years.
94
Device to measure length in children
Infantometer (for children <2 years) — use a stadiometer for children >2 years (standing height).
95
Newborn weight loss and regain (term)
Term newborn may lose up to 10% of body weight in the first week and typically regains it by ~day 10.
96
Preterm weight loss and regain
Preterm infants may lose up to 15% of birth weight by 7 days and typically regain it by ~day 15.
97
Head circumference growth rate
Increases ~2 cm/month from birth to 3 months, then ~1 cm/month from 3–6 months.
98
Upper segment : lower segment (US:LS) ratio at birth and at 7 years
At birth ≈ 1.7 : 1. By 7 years it becomes ≈ 1 : 1.
99
Alagille syndrome — key clinical features (high-yield)
Butterfly vertebrae and pulmonary stenosis
100
Aicardi syndrome — key clinical features (from notes)
Hemi-vertebrae and agenesis of corpus callosum (classically associated with chorioretinal lacunae and infantile spasms).
101
Definition of microcephaly
Head circumference < -2 standard deviations for age and sex.
102
Definition of macrocephaly
Head circumference > +2 standard deviations for age and sex.
103
Age estimation on X-ray: newborns
Assess the knee joint to estimate age of a newborn.
104
Age estimation on X-ray: 1–12 years
Assess the wrist joint (epiphyseal and ossification centers) for 1–12 years age estimation.
105
Age estimation on X-ray: 12–14 years
Use the elbow or hip joint for age estimation in 12–14 years age group.
106
First primary tooth to erupt
Lower central incisor — typically erupts at 6–7 months.
107
Last primary tooth to erupt
Second primary molars — typically by 18 months (last of the primary dentition).
108
First permanent tooth to erupt
First permanent molars — around 6–7 years
109
Last permanent tooth to erupt
Third molars (wisdom teeth) — eruption variable, often after ~16 years.
110
Definition of delayed dentition
No eruption of any primary teeth by 13 months is considered delayed dentition.
111
Causes of delayed dentition
Familial
Rickets
Idiopathic
Hypothyroidism
Cleidocranial dysostosis
112
Causes associated with natal teeth
Pierre Robin sequence,
Ellis–van Creveld syndrome
Sotos syndrome
113
Causes of microcephaly (micro sd CARD)
Cri‑du‑chat syndrome,
Angelman syndrome,
Rett syndrome
Down syndrome
114
Supernumerary/increased number of teeth association
cleft palate and cleft lip.
115
Red flag: eye contact by 3 months
No eye contact by 3 months is a developmental red flag.
116
Red flag: head control
Not having head control by 6 months is a developmental red flag.
117
Red flag: social smile
No social smile by 5 months (note: commonly expected earlier) is a developmental red flag.
118
Red flag: waving bye-bye
Not waving bye-bye by 12 months is a developmental red flag.
119
Red flag: walking with support
Not walking with support by 15 months is a developmental red flag.
120
Breastfeeding latch sign: lower lip
Baby's lower lip is everted (turned outward) during a correct latch; more of the upper areola may be visible above the upper lip.
121
Exclusive breastfeeding duration
Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months of life.
122
Hormone: milk ejection reflex
Milk ejection (let‑down) reflex is mediated by oxytocin.
123
Hormone: milk secretion (production)
Milk secretion/production is primarily driven by prolactin.
124
Breast milk storage at room temperature
Fresh expressed breast milk can be stored at room temperature (≈25°C) for up to 8 hours (per notes).
125
Breast milk storage frozen
Breast milk stored at −20°C can be kept for about 3 months (per notes).
126
Vitamins in breast milk
Breast milk is rich in vitamins A and C; relatively deficient in vitamins D, K, and B12.
127
Why avoid cow's milk in infants (per notes)
Cow's milk may cause colicky pain, constipation, or cow's milk protein allergy in infants.
128
Protein content: human vs cow milk
100 mL human milk ≈ 1.1 g protein; 100 mL cow's milk ≈ 3.1 g protein.
129
Lactose in human milk
100 mL human milk ≈ 7.4 g lactose.
130
Cri‑du‑chat syndrome genetics & feature
Deletion of chromosome 5p; associated with microcephaly and high‑pitched cry.
131
Edwards syndrome (Trisomy 18) features (ROCKY)
ROCKY mnemonic: Rocker‑bottom feet, Overlapping digits, Cardiac defects (e.g., VSD), Kidney defects, microcephaly/other features.
132
Turner syndrome: reproductive effect
Turner syndrome causes ovarian failure (streak ovaries) leading to infertility; intelligence typically normal.
133
Turner syndrome additional features
May have horseshoe kidney and bicuspid aortic valve (cardiac anomaly).
134
Noonan syndrome: cognition and heart
Noonan syndrome may be associated with learning/ intellectual disability in some cases; common cardiac finding is pulmonary stenosis. Karyotype is usually normal (autosomal dominant mutations).
135
Congenital Syndromes with normal IQ
Turner syndrome and Treacher Collins syndrome
136
Fetal alcohol syndrome key features
Microcephaly, smooth philtrum, and thin upper lip are characteristic facial features.
137
Absolute contraindications to breastfeeding — maternal side (per notes)
Active maternal herpes simplex (on breast), chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are listed as absolute contraindications (per notes).
138
Absolute contraindications to breastfeeding — infant side (per notes)
Infant galactosemia and severe lactose intolerance are listed as contraindications to breastfeeding (per notes).
139
Treacher Collins gene
Treacher Collins syndrome is associated with the TCOF1 gene.
140
Menkes disease gene
ATP7A gene is responsible for Menkes kinky hair disease (copper transport defect).
141
Wilson disease gene
ATP7B gene is responsible for Wilson disease.
142
GABRA1 association and first‑line drug
GABRA1 - juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME).
Drug of choice for JME is valproate (sodium valproate).
143
Acrodermatitis enteropathica gene
SLC39A4 (zinc absorption defect).
144
Rett syndrome gene & features
MECP2 mutations
Girls with acquired microcephaly and characteristic hand‑wringing movements.
145
Drug approved for Rett syndrome symptoms
Trofinetide is a disease‑modifying treatment
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