Periodic Table

Question 1

Periodic table element arrange by…? why?

Answer 1

increasing proton no.
- element end up, columns, other elements, similar properties

Question 2

element in same grp have

Answer 2

1. similar chemical formula, reactions, properties
2. gradual change, phys properties
3. same valence e-

Similar Chem Formula, Grp 1, bonding w/ Oxygen
Na2 O
K2 O
Rb2 O

Chemical properties
how elements act in chemical reaction

Question 3

is metal/nonmetal phys or chem property?

Answer 3

physical

Chemical properties
how elements act in chemical reaction

e.g. chemical property
strength of acid

Question 4

atomic/ionic radii decrease across period

Answer 4

1. nuclear charge increase, when move across period
2. electrons more closely attracted, nucleus w/ more protons
3. hence atomic/ionic radii decrease,

NUCLEAR CHARGE
total charge, protons in nucleus, atom

less metallic (less ability lose valence e-) when move across period

Question 5

Grp 1, 2, 13

1. Structure
2. oxide type
3. element character
4. formation of compound

Answer 5

1. GIMS/GILS
2. basic // amphotheric
3. metals
4. lose electron, form cations

BASICS
metal: form ionic
nonmetal: form covalent except g17

nonmetal + metal transfer e- = ionic
nonmetal + nonmetal share e- = covalent

Question 6

Grp 14

1. Structure
2. oxide type
3. element character
4. formation of compound

Answer 6

1. GMS
2. acidic, neutraic
3. metalloid/nonmetal
4. tendency form covalent compound, share e-

METALLOIDS ARE NOT TRANSITION METALS
and have properties of both metals, nonmetals

Question 7

Grp 15,16,17

1. struct of element
2. oxide type
3. element
4. formation of compound

Grp 4-14 is Transition

Answer 7

1. SMS
2. acidic
3. nonmetal
4. share electrons, form bonds w/ non metal, gain electrons, form anions w/ metal

BASICS
metal: form ionic
nonmetal: form covalent except g17

nonmetal + metal transfer e- = ionic

Question 8

is grp 18 nonmetal or metal?

Answer 8

nonmetal
different properties, other nonmetal

Question 9

total max no of valence electrons a shell can take

Answer 9

n = Period
2n^2

2.8.8 rule can be broken at >3 period

Valence Electron Calculation
Initial shell: alw 2 electron
Last shell: use formula // charge

Question 10

Grp 1
Grp 2
Grp 17
Names

Answer 10

G1: Alkali metals
G2: Earth metals
G17: Halogens

Question 11

Unique phys properties as u go down grp
G1 Elements

Answer 11

Generally, as u go down the grp:
1. mp, bp decrease
2. Hardness decrease
3. Increase, reactivity
4. Alkaline
5. Physics sucks lol, thats why float, water
6. density increase

Question 12

Unique phys properties as u go down grp
G17 Elements

Oppose G1 elements

Answer 12

Generally, as u go down the grp:
1. mp, bp increase
2. Colour intensity increase
3. Decrease rate reactivity

halide colourless substance
halogen coloured substance

g17 reactivity depends on ease of gaining valence e-

harder gain valence e- when increase atomic radii (more shells) due to weak electrostatic force of attraction w/ valence e-

Question 13

G17 why mp, bp increase as go down grp

Oppose G1 elements

Answer 13

1. molecular size increases,
2. intermolecular forces of attraction btwn molecules increase, more thermal energy, overcome

non particulate level explanation
more bonds to break

Question 14

G1 why mp, bp decrease as you go down grp

Oppose G1 elements

Answer 14

shielding effect

Question 15

Does G1 elements tarnish quickly?

Describe G1 metals reaction w/ water (With Universal Indicator)

Answer 15

Tarnishing
Due 2 quick reaction w/ oxygen

Li: quickly, Na: violently, K: very violently
1. a lot of efferverscence, produce hydrogen gas
2. flame is seen
3. UI green -> purple

Tarnish
black greyish solid,
affect metals due to reaction w/ oxygen

Rust
red-brownish substance
only affect iron

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Ep_FO9CxYSFbxmf3Zqg9mgm9NNyt2enpfMDr49gufrU/edit?tab=t.0 Page 11

Question 16

reactivity increase
CATIONS and ANIONS
as you go down grp

PHYS PROPERTIES NOT AFFECTED BY E-, ONLY CHEM PROPERTIES i.e. reactivity, how they react

Answer 16

CATIONS: Ease of losing valence e-
1. G1 need lose 1 electron only react easiest
2. go down grp, number electron shell increase
3. atomic radii increase
4. lesser electrostatic force of e- btwn electron, nucleus, easier lose valence e-

ANIONS: Ease of gaining valence e-
1. go up grp, number electron shell decrease
2. atomic radii decrease
3. more electrostatic forces of e- btwn electron, nucleus, easier gain valence e-

use molecular size when molecules (i.e. Br 2) are involved.

for 1:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Ep_FO9CxYSFbxmf3Zqg9mgm9NNyt2enpfMDr49gufrU/edit?tab=t.0 page 12

Question 17

G1 Elements
chemical properties

Answer 17

1. vry reactive stored under oil
2. react w/ H2o (cold/rm temp) -> hydrogen gas + strong alkaline soln.

E.g. eqn:
2Na + 2H2o -> 2NaOH + H2

strong alkaline soln. turns Universal Indicator -> purple

Question 18

why keep grp1 elements in oil

Answer 18

oil prevent reaction w/ surrounding, o2, water

Question 19

is hydrogen flammable?

Answer 19

yes
- but need continuous supply o2, burn

Reason why extinguish w/ pop sound is:
- flame uses up so much more o2, extinguishes

Question 20

when u move down ANY grp, what phys property increases?

Answer 20

More metallic
- more ability, lose valence e-

Question 21

what are halides

Answer 21

ions of Grp 17

(when Grp17 elements bond)

i.e.
Chloride
iodide

COLOURLESS

Question 22

Fluorine
chlorine
bromine
iodine
astatine

rtp colour

Answer 22

Flourine: yellowish
Chlorine: yellowish-green
Bromine: reddish-brown
Iodine: purplish-black
Astatine: black

Question 23

Fluorine
chlorine
bromine
iodine
astatine

rtp state

Answer 23

Flourine: gas
Chlorine: gas
Bromine: liquid
Iodine: solid
Astatine: solid

Question 24

Grp 17 physical properties

Answer 24

1. low mp, bp (small amt heat need overcome weak intermolecular forces, sms)
2. toxic
3. coloured substances

Question 25

use of helium neon argon

Answer 25

**helium:** weather balloon, **safer than N2 gas, use, divers** **neon:** advertising lights **argon:** fill up light bulb, weld stainless steel

Question 26

Grp 18 phys, chem properties

Answer 26

1. inert, stable electronic config **2. low MP, BP** 3. 8 valence e-, except He 4. monoatomic 5. colourless, odorless 6. insoluble, water 7. low density

Question 27

Grp 18 move down grp trend

Answer 27

mp, bp increases ## Footnote no density change.

Question 28

transition metal features

Answer 28

- form multiple ions, **variable** oxidation states - form coloured **compounds** - **high MP, BP** - **high density**

Question 29

do all transition metals have variable Oxidation States?

Answer 29

**NO** Ag only 1 **OS** ## Footnote Ag+ is transition metal altho 1 os

Question 30

iodine soln color

Answer 30

brown soln. black solid ## Footnote partially dissolved

Question 31

**periodic table** period 2 means...

Answer 31

total 2 electron shells

Question 32

when move across **ANY** period, what phys property change?

Answer 32

less metallic - more e-, more protons, move across - more energy req, overcome electrostatic FoA, lose e- - less ease, lose valence e-

Question 33

phys properties metals usually have that G1 metals are diff

Answer 33

**metals typically** - high density (G1 low density, LiNaK float water) - high mp, bp (G1 low mp, bp)

Question 34

g2 metals phys properties

Answer 34

form mostly dull coloured compounds

Question 35

transition metal compound industrial uses

Answer 35

pigments in many paints

Question 36

write displacement ionic eqn copper (II) sulfate zinc

Answer 36

Zn(s) + Cu2+ (aq) -> Cu (s) + Zn2+ (aq)

Question 37

iodine solid actual color if qn ask iodine solid color answer wat?

Answer 37

**actually** grey-ish solid, dull. **if qn ask** purplish-black | stick to tb ans if qn ask ## Footnote can search up pics hehe (non-subliming crystal iodine)

Question 38

why more reactive halogen displace less reactive halogen from its halide soln.

Answer 38

more reactive halogen higher tendency, form anions

Question 39

yellow soln. (just in case)

Answer 39

iron (III) chloride

Question 40

catalyst for manufacture of margarine from vegetable oil

Answer 40

nickel (hydrogenation catalyst is nickel.)

Question 41

number of molecules bonded correlation to mp, bp

Answer 41

increase no molecule bonded, increase mp bp

Question 42

graphite is an element/compound/mixture

Answer 42

element