Phys 2

Question 1

Newton

Answer 1

Three Laws of Motion, Law of Universal Gravitation

Question 2

Galileo

Answer 2

Lantern experiment (speed of light), Principle of Relativity (motion on ship)

Question 3

Kepler

Answer 3

Three Laws of Planetary Motion (elliptical orbits, equal areas, T^2 ∝ r^3)

Question 4

Maxwell

Answer 4

Electromagnetic wave model of light, Maxwell’s equations

Question 5

Huygens

Answer 5

Wave model of light (wavefront principle, diffraction, refraction)

Question 6

Young

Answer 6

Double-slit interference experiment (wave nature of light)

Question 7

Thomson

Answer 7

Cathode ray q/m measurement, Plum Pudding atomic model

Question 8

Millikan

Answer 8

Oil-drop experiment (quantization of charge)

Question 9

Rutherford

Answer 9

Gold foil experiment (nuclear model of atom)

Question 10

Bohr

Answer 10

Bohr model of atom (quantized shells, hydrogen spectrum)

Question 11

Chadwick

Answer 11

Discovery of the neutron (Be + α → neutrons)

Question 12

de Broglie

Answer 12

Matter-wave hypothesis (electrons as standing waves)

Question 13

Planck

Answer 13

Blackbody radiation (quantized energy, E = hf)

Question 14

Einstein

Answer 14

Photon model of light (photoelectric effect), Special Relativity (time dilation, E=mc^2)

Question 15

Projectile motion

Answer 15

Horizontal velocity constant, vertical velocity changes under gravity

Question 16

Circular motion

Answer 16

Velocity tangent to circle, acceleration toward center (centripetal)

Question 17

Lantern timing

Answer 17

Galileo’s inaccurate speed of light measurement (~10x speed of sound)

Question 18

Rotating cogwheel

Answer 18

Fizeau’s finite speed of light (315,000 km/s, 5.1% error)

Question 19

Rotating mirror

Answer 19

Foucault’s finite speed of light (298,000 km/s, 0.6% error)

Question 20

Cathode rays

Answer 20

Negative charge, straight lines, deflected by E & B fields

Question 21

Oil drops

Answer 21

Quantized charge values (multiples of 1.6e-19 C)

Question 22

Double-slit fringes

Answer 22

Bright/dark interference pattern (wave nature of light)

Question 23

Photoelectric effect

Answer 23

Immediate emission, threshold frequency, KE depends on frequency

Question 24

Hydrogen spectrum

Answer 24

Discrete emission lines explained by quantized energy levels

Question 25

Gold foil scattering

Answer 25

Most alphas passed, few deflected large angles → nucleus

Question 26

Neutron detection

Answer 26

Neutral radiation from Be knocked protons out of wax → neutrons

Question 27

Planetary orbits

Answer 27

Elliptical paths and equal area law (Kepler)

Question 28

Aether null result

Answer 28

Michelson-Morley: no aether detected, supports relativity

Question 29

CMB radiation

Answer 29

Evidence for Big Bang, photons free after 380,000 years

Question 30

Dalton

Answer 30

Solid indivisible spheres (early atomic model)

Question 31

Thomson

Answer 31

Plum pudding model (positive sphere with electrons)

Question 32

Rutherford

Answer 32

Nuclear/planetary model (dense central nucleus, orbiting electrons)

Question 33

Bohr

Answer 33

Quantized shells model (electrons in fixed energy levels)

Question 34

de Broglie

Answer 34

Electrons as standing waves, matter-wave model

Question 35

Schrödinger

Answer 35

Quantum mechanical model (electron clouds, probability)

Question 36

Newton

Answer 36

Corpuscular model of light (particles)

Question 37

Huygens

Answer 37

Wave model of light

Question 38

Maxwell

Answer 38

Electromagnetic wave model of light

Question 39

Planck

Answer 39

Quantized energy model (blackbody radiation)

Question 40

Einstein

Answer 40

Photon model (light as quanta), Relativity model of motion