phys 4

Question 1

Newton (Motion)

Answer 1

Three Laws of Motion, Law of Universal Gravitation

Question 2

Galileo (Experiments)

Answer 2

Lantern experiment (speed of light), Principle of Relativity (motion on ship)

Question 3

Kepler (Planetary Motion)

Answer 3

Three Laws of Planetary Motion (elliptical orbits, equal areas, T^2 ∝ r^3)

Question 4

Maxwell (Light & EM)

Answer 4

Electromagnetic wave model of light, Maxwell’s equations

Question 5

Huygens (Light Model)

Answer 5

Wave model of light (wavefront principle, diffraction, refraction)

Question 6

Young (Light Experiment)

Answer 6

Double-slit interference experiment (wave nature of light)

Question 7

Thomson (Experiments)

Answer 7

Cathode ray q/m measurement, Plum Pudding atomic model

Question 8

Millikan (Experiment)

Answer 8

Oil-drop experiment (quantization of charge)

Question 9

Rutherford (Experiment)

Answer 9

Gold foil experiment (nuclear model of atom)

Question 10

Bohr (Model)

Answer 10

Bohr model of atom (quantized shells, hydrogen spectrum)

Question 11

Chadwick (Experiment)

Answer 11

Discovery of the neutron (Be + α → neutrons)

Question 12

de Broglie (Hypothesis)

Answer 12

Matter-wave hypothesis (electrons as standing waves)

Question 13

Planck (Model)

Answer 13

Blackbody radiation (quantized energy, E = hf)

Question 14

Einstein (Light & Relativity)

Answer 14

Photon model of light (photoelectric effect), Special Relativity (time dilation, E=mc^2)

Question 15

Projectile motion (Observation)

Answer 15

Horizontal velocity constant, vertical velocity changes under gravity

Question 16

Circular motion (Observation)

Answer 16

Velocity tangent to circle, acceleration toward center (centripetal)

Question 17

Lantern timing (Observation)

Answer 17

Galileo’s inaccurate speed of light measurement (~10x speed of sound)

Question 18

Rotating cogwheel (Observation)

Answer 18

Fizeau’s finite speed of light (315,000 km/s, 5.1% error)

Question 19

Rotating mirror (Observation)

Answer 19

Foucault’s finite speed of light (298,000 km/s, 0.6% error)

Question 20

Cathode rays (Observation)

Answer 20

Negative charge, straight lines, deflected by E & B fields

Question 21

Oil drops (Observation)

Answer 21

Quantized charge values (multiples of 1.6e-19 C)

Question 22

Double-slit fringes (Observation)

Answer 22

Bright/dark interference pattern (wave nature of light)

Question 23

Photoelectric effect (Observation)

Answer 23

Immediate emission, threshold frequency, KE depends on frequency

Question 24

Hydrogen spectrum (Observation)

Answer 24

Discrete emission lines explained by quantized energy levels

Question 25

Gold foil scattering (Observation)

Answer 25

Most alphas passed, few deflected large angles → nucleus

Question 26

Neutron detection (Observation)

Answer 26

Neutral radiation from Be knocked protons out of wax → neutrons

Question 27

Planetary orbits (Observation)

Answer 27

Elliptical paths and equal area law (Kepler)

Question 28

Aether null result (Observation)

Answer 28

Michelson-Morley: no aether detected, supports relativity

Question 29

CMB radiation (Observation)

Answer 29

Evidence for Big Bang, photons free after 380,000 years

Question 30

Dalton (Atomic Model)

Answer 30

Solid indivisible spheres (early atomic model)

Question 31

Thomson (Atomic Model)

Answer 31

Plum pudding model (positive sphere with electrons)

Question 32

Rutherford (Atomic Model)

Answer 32

Nuclear/planetary model (dense central nucleus, orbiting electrons)

Question 33

Bohr (Atomic Model)

Answer 33

Quantized shells model (electrons in fixed energy levels)

Question 34

de Broglie (Atomic Model)

Answer 34

Electrons as standing waves, matter-wave model

Question 35

Schrödinger (Atomic Model)

Answer 35

Quantum mechanical model (electron clouds, probability)

Question 36

Newton (Light Model)

Answer 36

Corpuscular model of light (particles)

Question 37

Huygens (Light Model)

Answer 37

Wave model of light

Question 38

Maxwell (Light Model)

Answer 38

Electromagnetic wave model of light

Question 39

Planck (Light Model)

Answer 39

Quantized energy model (blackbody radiation)

Question 40

Einstein (Light Model)

Answer 40

Photon model (light as quanta), Relativity model of motion