PPT; Nervous System Flashcards

Question

4 Functions of a neuron

Answer 1

1. receive info from the environment 2. process information and produce electrical signals 3. conduct electrical signals to another cell 4. transmit info to other neureons, muscles, and glands

Answer 2

sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons

Answer 3

neurons = brain nerves=pns neurons = conduct nerve impulses, nerves transmit information to various parts of the body

Answer 4

brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves

Answer 5

support neuirons glial cells in the CNS: oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglial cells

Answer 6

myelinate CNS

Answer 7

nutrients to neurons, maintain their extracellular environemnt, provide structural support

Answer 8

scavenge pathogens

Answer 9

produce CSF

Answer 10

schwann cells, form the myelin sheath sataliete cells: support neurons in the PNS

Answer 11

axon: sending info dendrite: receiving info soma: cell body, contains nuclei and other orghanelles synaptic cleft: sitre whjere one neuron communicates with another cell (SYNAPSE)A

Answer 12

fattty layer enclosing some axons

Answer 13

repropropgate signal so it doesn't dissipate, saltatory conduction

Answer 14

can be myelinated and unmyelinated

Answer 15

myelinated: nerve impulses hop from one node of ranvier to the next unmylinated: nerve impulses travel as a wave

Answer 16

transmit signals from other neurons

Answer 17

receive signals from other neurons

Answer 18

integrates singals/ coordinates the neuroin's metabolic activities

Answer 19

transmit signals to other neurons

Answer 20

synaptic terminal: swelling at the end of axon of the sending neuron synaptic cleft: gap sepewrating the two cells synaptic vesicle: sacs containing neurotransmitters

Answer 21

junction between a motor neuron and a muscle cell

Answer 22

electrical synapses: synchronize large groups of activity embryo, cardiac system, muscle provide faster communication: no delay connected by gap junctions chemical synapse: millisecond delay not physically connected less reliable cells respond to neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft

Answer 23

presynaptic cell: translates the eelctrical impulse into an electrical signal postsynpatic cell: translaters the chemical signal back into an electrical impulse

Answer 24

Connexins are the protein building blocks, while connexons (or hemichannels) are the pore-forming structures made of six connexins that sit in a cell membrane; two connexons from adjacent cells dock to form a complete gap junction, creating channels for direct cell-to-cell communication of ions and small molecules, crucial for

Answer 25

chemical substance released at the end of a nerve fiber upon arrival of a nerve impulse -carry neural signal from one neuron to another or from one neuron to an effectyor -diffuses across the synapse or junction -allows two neurons to communicate -stored in sybnpatic vesicles

Answer 26

-take messages to CNS -some have specialized endings (sensory receptors)

Answer 27

lie entirely within CNS receive input from sensory neurons and other interneurons communicate with motor neurons

Answer 28

carry messages from the CNS to an effector

Answer 29

electromotive force electruical difference between twoo poionts, measured in millivolts

Answer 30

polarized: cells with an electrical potential depolarized: becomes more positiver membrane potential: difference in charge between the inside and outside of cell

Answer 31

charge of neuron, gradient difference in the concentration of charged particles between points

Answer 32

rapid change in polarity across axonal membrane as impulse occujrs

Answer 33

within neurons: electrical signals between neurons: synaptic transmission=neurotransmitters 1st needed= eelctrical signal 2nd needed =neuotransmitters

Answer 34

highest K+ in cell, Cl- and Na+ highest outside the cell sodium potrassiuym pump: 3 Na+ out for two K+ in by using ATP

Answer 35

cytoplasmic side: inside the cell extracellular side: outside the cell cytoplasmic side = negative compared to the rest of everything else, restiong potential -70mv

Answer 36

1) resting potential 2) depolarization (action potential) 3) repolarization 4) hyperpolarization 5) refractory

Answer 37

Carrier protein has a shape that allows 3 sodium (Na⁺) ions to bind on the inside of the cell ↓ ATP is split, and a phosphate group is transferred to the carrier protein ↓ The phosphate causes a change in shape of the carrier protein ↓ 3 sodium ions are released outside the cell ↓ The new shape allows 2 potassium (K⁺) ions to bind from outside the cell ↓ The phosphate group is released from the carrier protein ↓ The carrier protein changes back to its original shape ↓ 2 potassium ions are released into the cell

Answer 38

only at node of ranvier

Answer 39

nothing, unactivated

Answer 40

K+ starts coming out of the cell: efflux begins Na+ stops coming in: influx stops sodium potassium pump still unactivated

Answer 41

-90 -sodium potassium pump is still inactive more K+ on the outside than Na+ on the inside

Answer 42

membrane cannot be stimulated to undergo another action potential and action potential cannot travel backwards

Answer 43

1 membrane at node of ranvier reaches threshold potential 2 voltage gated sodium chabnnels open 3Na+ flows into axon by concentration gradient and changes membrane potential from -70mv to 55 mV 4) membrane potential causes Na+ channels to close and K+ channel;s to open 5) K+ ions flow down centration out of the axon 6) K+ channel closes, restore of resting potential 7) axon membrane goes through refractory period and Na+ gates cannot open 8) When refractory period is over, the sodium, potassium puimp restore s previous ion distribution

Answer 44

continous= nerve impulse travels around 2m/sec dowwn unmylinated neuron -Salatatory conduction=nerve im,pulse travels much fatser, 120msec down the myelinated neuron, impulse jumps from new action potentials at each node of ranvier

Answer 45

continous conduction as action potential moves on: previous section undergoes refractory period: stacks backward flow of action potential when refractory period is over: sodium potassium, pump restores previous distribution by pumping Na+ outside of the axon

Answer 46

exchange only occurs at nodes results in faster action potentials than in non-myelinated axons

Answer 47

1. An action potential is generated at a node of Ranvier when voltage-gated sodium (Na⁺) channels open, allowing Na⁺ ions to enter the axon. 2. After a brief period, these sodium channels inactivate, leaving a high concentration of Na⁺ inside the axon at that node . 3. The positive charge then spreads along the axon to the adjacent node of Ranvier 4., This movement of Na⁺ reduces the negative charge at the next node, causing depolarization. If the threshold is reached, a new action potential is initiated at that node.

Answer 48

1-action potential arrives at presynaptic terminal 2- causes inside of terminal to become negatively cgharged: trigger synaptic vesicles to fuse with axon membrane 3- synaptic vesicles release NT into synaptic cleft by exocytosis 4th Nt: diffuse across synapse to dendrites of postsynpaitic neuron 5: neurotransmitter bind to receptorf protein on postsynaptic membranme 6: binding of Nt cause ion-specific channels, to open, anbd have either have an excitatory or inhibitory effect 7: impulse travel along axon to its terminal or next neuron effector

Answer 49

excitatory: have a depolarizing effect, bring neuron closer to threshold level inhibitory signals: hyperpolarizing effect, increase potential difference across axon

Answer 50

summing up of excitatory and inhibitory signals, determines whether an action potential will travel along an axon

Answer 51

skull= surrounds brain and vertebrae that protect spinal cord connective tissue: called menginges, lie beneath these bones and surround CNS CSF: cushions brain and spinal cord and nourishes CNS

Answer 52

white matter: axons/myelin, contains myelinated axons and transport signals from internal organs, muscles, and skin to brain grey matter: neurons/glia, dendrites, short unmylinated axons, found outside of the brain and H-shape core of spinal cord, controls voluntary muscles and autonomic nervous system

Answer 53

conducts info to and from brain; esxtends from base of the brain to lower bacjk, consists of white and grey matter, grey matter is centrally located: white matter surrounds gray matter, nerves of sensory neurons emerge the dorsal part, nerves of motor neurons emerge from the ventral part

Answer 54

allow communication between brain and peripheral nerves lkeaving the cord Process of communication in the spinal cord: sensory receptors generate nerve impulses that pass through sensory fibers to spinal cord, pumpulse travels to the brain, motor impulses from the brain pass down to the spinal cord, impulses go out to muslces by way of motor fibers

Answer 55

shaped like the letter h dorsal root": sensory fibvers entering gray matter ventral root: fibers leaving gray matter dorsal and vemtral roots: join as spinal nerve spinal nerves: part of the PNS

Answer 56

involuntary movement of abody part in response to a stimulus

Answer 57

neurons that control reflexes reside in the spinal cord and PNS and do not use the brain

Answer 58

nerve pathway that carries out a reflex action -reflexes are important for protection and survival -enable body to react swifty to stimulus -impulse moves nto and from brain or spinal cord before the brain have time to process info require no conscious control

Answer 59

action potentials of sensory neurons on skin travel to spinal cord through dorsal root pain sensory neuron within grey matter stimulates an interneuuron, which then stimulates a motor neuron 1. action of potentials of sensory neurons on skin travel to spinal cord 2. sensory neuron stimulates an interneuron, which then stimulates a motor neuiron 3, action potentials in motor neuron leave spinal cord to a skeletal muscles 4: muscle contracts, hand is drawn away from hot obkject

Answer 60

made up of cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons: governs breathing heart rate

Answer 61

also part of the brainstem, controls vision

Answer 62

includes thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum

Answer 63

increased cortical folding and surface area is correlated with complex behaviour

Answer 64

prevent direct circulation of blood through cells of brain and spinal cord, seperate blood and CNS called the blood-brrrier

Answer 65

-fluid is replaced 4 times each day -fluid transports hormones, white blood cells, and nutrients across the blood brain barrier to cells of the brain and spinal cord -fluids act as a shock absorber and cushion brain

Answer 66

walnut shaped, coordinate movements, receives info from forebrain and position sensors in msucles and joints, motor learning

Answer 67

located at the base of brainstem, connect brain with spinal cord, resembles enlarged extension of the spinal cord, controls autonomic, involuntary functions like breathing heart rate,. blood pressure, and swallowing

Answer 68

located above medulla contrains axons traveling between cerebellum and rest of CNS influence transitions between sleep and wakefullness regulate the rate and pattern of breathing along with medulla oblongota

Answer 69

found above the pons relays vsiual and auditory info between hindbrain and forebrain contains neurons that contribute to eye movement and control of skeeltal muscvles contains neurons that produce the transmitter dopamine

Answer 70

relay station, base of forebrain, neurons that connect forebrain, hindbrain, and sensory system sensory relay center= channels all sensory info except olfaction from all body parts to cerebral cortex

Answer 71

-lies below the thalamus -maintain homeostsis by influencing: body temperature, food intake, water balance, heart rate, blood pressure, and the menstrual cycle -controls the pituitary gland, link between nervous and endocrine system

Answer 72

responsible for language memory personality and vision, largest part of the brain, divided into right and left halvbes called cerebral hemisphers internal mass: white nmatter and thin outer covering of grey matter called cerebral cortex

Answer 73

band of axons connecting hemispheres left cerebral hemisphere logical thinking, linguistic, mathematic skills right hemisphere: associatewd with holistic and intuitive thinking,m visual spatial skills and artistic abilities each hemisphere consists of white matter suyrrounded by a thin layer of gray matter called the cerebral cortex

Answer 74

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

Answer 75

coordinates the muscles for speaking

Answer 76

receive and process sensory info from the skin; process info about the body's position and orientation, highest concentration of sensory receptors occurs in the face, hands and genitals

Answer 77

receives and analyze visual info

Answer 78

posittron emissiont omoghraphy, receivces radioactrive labelling and a scanner that monitors glucose consumption in the brain used to diagnose condiitons such as alzhedimers based on the fact that more active areas of the brain have higher demands mri: produces clear and detailed images of brain structure, magnet changes in the direction of magnetic field induce by the hydrogen atoms in the brain which emits radio signals, signals detected, translated and displayed, used to identify brain disorders

Answer 79

VOLUNtary control 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinaln nerves, all myelinated cranial nerves: function of head, neck, and face spinal nerves: emerge from both side of spinal, each contains snensory and motor neurons

Answer 80

under automatic/involuntary control stimuate or inhibti glands, cardiac, or smooth muscle*** maintains homeostasis controlled by hypothalamus and medulla oblongata divided into sympathetic/parasympathetic to effectors

Answer 81

based on whether they have myelin sheaths

Answer 82

Sarin is a highly potent organophosphate nerve agent that disrupts the transmission of nerve impulses by causing the irreversible inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This action leads to a "cholinergic crisis," characterized by the continuous overstimulation of muscles, glands, and the central nervous syste

PPT; Nervous System Flashcards

(107 cards)