Presenting and Interpreting Quantitative Data

Question 1

Observed data or variables can be _____ or ____

And under these categories are 2 types each, which are?

Answer 1

Categorical
1. Nominal (no ranking - blood types/sex)
2. Ordinal (ranking - life stages)

Numerical
1. Discrete (counting/whole numbers)
2. Continuous (scale measurements)

Question 2

The goal of ________ is to make an ___ about a p_____ (a group of _____)

However, it is impossible to gather data from ALL individuals so, only a ______ is studied

Answer 2

MEASUREMENTS
1. inference
2. population
3. individuals/organisms

4. sample

Question 3

What are 2 ways to ensure that the sample studied is an objectively good representation of the population?

Answer 3

1. Random sampling
2. Sufficient sample size

Question 4

To make sense of your data, use ______ of _______ _____ and d_____

these two are also known as ______ statistics

Answer 4

measure
Central
tendency
dispersion

descriptive

Question 5

3 TYPES OF MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

1. divides the distribution in half
2. arranged in increasing/decreasing order
3. most commonly used
4. possible that there is more than one of this or even none
5. least affected by outlying data points
6. most preferred when the distribution is not symmetrical
7. average value

Answer 5

1. median
2. median
3. mean
4. mode
5. median
6. median
7. mean

Question 6

3 TYPES OF MEASURES OF DISPERSION

1. R__ (the ___ between the ___ # and the ___ #)
2. Sample V__ (how ___ the individual data are from the ___)
3. Sample S___ D__ (how _____ the data are from the ___)

Answer 6

1. Range (the difference between the largest # and the smallest #)
2. Sample Variance (how far the individual data are from the mean)
3. Sample Standard Deviation (how tightly clustered the data are from the mean)

Question 7

What can help reveal patterns and relationships?

Answer 7

Tables, graphs, and charts

Question 8

4 ELEMENTS of a table

Answer 8

1. table title
2. headings
3. sub-headings
4. body

Question 9

In TABLES, where are the placements of the INDEPENDENT and DEPENDENT variables?

Answer 9

INDEPENDENT: left-most
DEPENDENT: right-most

Question 10

In FIGURES, where are the placements of the INDEPENDENT and DEPENDENT variables?

Answer 10

INDEPENDENT: x-axis
DEPENDENT: y-axis

Question 11

What type of analysis needs to be performed for a SCATTER DIAGRAM?

Answer 11

Correlational Analysis

Question 12

GRAPHS
1. Small amount of data w/ discrete variables
2. Plenty data w/ discrete variables
3. 2 interdependent and continuous variables
4. 1 continuous variable (class intervals) & 1 discrete variable
5. 1 discrete variable and 1 continuous variable (usually for time-based data)

Answer 12

1. Table
2. Bar graph
3. Scatter Diagram
4. Histogram
5. Line graph

Question 13

HISTOGRAM STEPS

1. Get total # of classes with what formula?
2. Get class interval with what formula?
3. next step?

Answer 13

K = 1 + 3.3 log n
CI = Range / K

Value of CI will be the lowest limit and succeeding lower limit difference

Question 14

formula for variance and sd

Answer 14

variance: summation of ((X minus MEAN)^2)
—————————————————–
total number of observations - 1

sd: square root of variance

Question 15

high variance value vs low variance value

Answer 15

high: more spread out
low: more clustered

Question 16

diff between table and figure in terms of PLACEMENT of TITLE

Answer 16

table: taas

figures: baba

Question 17

what graph have little to no gaps in between?

Answer 17

histogram

Question 18

x and y -axis of histograms

Answer 18

y-axis: frequency
x-axis: class intervals

Question 19

indication of a bell-shaped appearance in histogram

Answer 19

normal distribution