Problem Solving and Decision Making 4.2 [HY]

Question 1

Mental Set

Answer 1

• tendency to approach similar problems in the same way.

Question 2

Functional fixedness

Answer 2

the inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner

Question 3

Algorithm

Answer 3

formula or procedure for solving a certain type of
problem.

Question 4

Deductive (top-down) reasoning

Answer 4

• starts from a set of general rules and draws conclusions from the information given

Question 5

Inductive (bottom-up) reasoning

Answer 5

• seeks to create a theory via
  generalizations
• type of reasoning starts with specific instances, and
  then draws a conclusion from them

Question 6

Availability heuristic

Answer 6

A heuristic used when we base the likelihood of an event on how easily examples of that event come to mind.

Question 7

representativeness heuristic

Answer 7

categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of
the category.

Question 8

Base rate fallacy

Answer 8

Using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information

Question 9

Disconfirmation principle

Answer 9

the evidence obtained from testing demonstrated that the solution does not
work.

Question 10

Confirmation bias

Answer 10

the tendency to focus on information that fits an individual’s beliefs, while
rejecting information that goes against them

Question 11

Hindsight bias

Answer 11

the tendency for people to overestimate their ability
to predict the outcome of events that already happened

Question 12

Belief perseverance

Answer 12

the inability to reject a
particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary

Question 13

recognition primed
decision model

Answer 13

sorting through a
wide variety of information to match a pattern

Question 14

Interpersonal intelligence

Answer 14

• ability to detect and navigate the moods and motivations of others.
• centers around being mindful of one’s own emotions, strengths, and weaknesses, which can provide clear guidance what role one should take in a group or society.

Question 15

Gardeners intelligences

Answer 15

linguistic, logical–mathematical, musical, visual–
spatial, bodily–kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist

Question 16

What correlates to intelligence?

Answer 16

Parental
expectations, socioeconomic status, and nutrition