1
Q
what is a key predictor of occupational success
A
number of years of education
2
Q
how do parents’ occupations affect their kids education
A
-people are drawn to similar jobs than their parents
-parents and children often get similar education levels (predictor of success)
3
Q
what do middle class homes encourage more of?
A
-curious and independent thinking (qualities that are essential to high status occupations)
4
Q
what do disadvantaged homes encourage more of?
A
-more conformity and obedience (qualities reflective of blue collar type jobs)
5
Q
what do people who come from economically disadvantaged backgrounds face more of?
A
-barriers for certain types of higher level employment (like cannot afford higher level education or systemic racism)
6
Q
what do parents’ views on occupations do to their kids
A
-pass them on
-what is acceptable, make the family proud, gender influence
7
Q
things to consider when deciding an occupation
A
-entry requirements (education, exams needed)
-nature of the work
-working conditions
-potential earnings
-future security
8
Q
what is hollands person-environmental fit model
A
-career choice is related to one’s personality characteristics
-personality orientations – people are classified into personality types
-each of these orientations fit into a work environment
9
Q
what are the names of Holland’s personality orientation themes
A
- realistic: mechanically not socially skilled. physical tasks valued
- investigative: problem solver, sees themself as curious, critical
- artistic: imaginative, expressive, independent
- social: education, religion, social environment, cooperative, friendly
- enterprising: politics, leadership, speaking, extroverted, social, happy
- conventional: order and systems, clerical/numerical skill
RIASEC
10
Q
career choices of the personality orientation themes (holland)
A
- realistic: machinery, pilot
- investigative: biologist, programmer, dentist, clinical psychologist
- artistic: actor, designer
- Social: teacher, nurse
- enterprising: realtor, politician, salesperson
- conventional: banker, accountant
11
Q
the critical factor in super’s developmental model
A
the self-concept (decisions about work reflect people’s percievement of themself)
12
Q
explain the idea of Super’s developmental model
A
-view occupational development as a process beginning in childhood and changes throughout life, ends with retirement
13
Q
5 stages of super’s occupational lifestyle
A
- growth stage (0-14)
- exploration stage (15-24)
- Establishment stage (25-44)
- maintenance stage (45-65)
- decline stage (65+)
14
Q
what happens at the growth stage of super’s occupational life cycle
A
-fantasize about ideal job, eventually based on likes, then abilities
15
Q
what happens at the exploration stage of super’s occupational life cycle
A
-some job changes can happen
-realistically consider careers
-1st trial job
16
Q
what happens at the establishment stage of super’s occupational life cycle
A
-commit to career, use skills and learn new ones, be flexible
17
Q
what happens at the maintenance stage of super’s occupational life cycle
A
-retain achievement status, protect security and power, less focus on advancement
18
Q
what happens at the decline stage of super’s occupational life cycle
A
-approach retirement
19
Q
the problems with super’s model
A
-assumes career development means staying at same job
-most people have many different jobs
-in reality, career cycles are shorter and recur throughout ones life
20
Q
women’s career paths vs men (discontinuous vs continuous, labor force)
A
-just over half of women are in labour force, almost 3/4 of men
-men’s are continuous and women’s are discontinuous
-women’s careers often interrupted by children/family crises
-women without children stay in labor force and follow similar advancements to men
21
Q
explain the more you learn the more you earn graph
A
-usually high school diploma, apprenticeship certificates get similar pay (hs lower usually), then college diploma, and highest is bachelor’s degree
22
Q
behaviours of workaholics
A
-bring work home, few vacations, sacrificing life roles like being a parent
-energetic, intense, perfectionistic, neurotic
23
Q
two types of workaholics
A
-enthusiastic: works for the joy, gets satisfaction. high-demanding jobs
-unenthusiastic: driven but doesn’t enjoy it, gets burnt out, conflict in workplace
-both experience imbalance between work and personal time, translates into more work-family conflict
24
Q
zoom fatigue
A
-tiredness from using zoom for extended periods in a day
25
consequences of zoom fatigue
1. close-up eye contact prolonged is tiring
2. seeing own image is tiring
3. reduced alertness and mental fatigue from less mobility
4. cognitive load is higher
26
how to reduce zoom fatigue
-don't use fullscreen
-hide self view
-move around as much as possible
-visual breaks (just listen)
27
T/F: The vast majority of people with psychological disorders exhibit
bizarre, deviant behaviour
false
28
T/F: Generally, people with psychological disorders are more likely to be
dangerous or violent than the rest of the population
false
29
T/F: Schizophrenia is a disorder which involves people manifesting two or
more very different personalities
false
30
T/F: Autism is not caused by vaccinations received during early childhood
true
31
what does the medical model propose
-it is useful to think of abnormal behaviour as disease
32
diagnosis
-examining a person's symptoms and seeing if they meet criteria for mental disorders
33
etiology
-cause and history of mental disorders
34
prognosis
-prediction of the course an illness will take (if it will change, quality of life, likelihood of recovery)
35
when would someone be diagnosed with a mental illness (not sure normal distress)
-when it gets in the way of day-to-day functioning
36
details of the DSM-5
-diagnosis
-growing a lot, like 500 now
-some of the newer ones were thought to be normal before (caffeine intoxication for example)
-people think making some stuff that's an everyday thing will make people take serious ones less seriously
37
details on the different DSM manuals
1: 125 disorders (50s)
2: 200 (60s)
3: 220 (80s)
4: 400 (90s)
5: over 500 (2010s)
38
what is GAD
-generalized personality disorder is a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to a specific threat
-5% of people in Canada
-occurring more days than not for at least 6 months
-difficult to control worry and affects functioning
39
anxiety and worry of GAD is associated with
-restlessness
-easily fatigued
-difficulty concentrating
-irritability
-muscle tension
-sleep disturbance
40
GAD is more common in men or women
women
41
GAD: physiological symptoms, risk for _, onset, severity of symptoms
1. muscle tension, diarrhea, dizziness, faintness
2. various physical health problems
3. gradual onset in earl 30s (later than most anxiety disorders)
4. chronic and severity fluctuates over the years
42
panic disorder (men vs women, onset)
-recurrent abrupt attacks of intense fear, peaks within minutes and has four or more of the following: heart palpitations, fear of dying, depersonalization, chest pain/discomfort, sweaty hands, trembling, nausea, shortness of breath, hyperventilating)
-basically fight or flight
-2/3 women
-onset is late adolescence or early adulthood
43
agoraphobia
-fear of public places
-difficult to escape or get help if panic
-usually coexists with others, especially panic (worried about panic attack in public and develops agoraphobia cause they're scared to leave home)
44
specific phobias
-marked by persistent and irrational fear (presents no real danger)
-mild phobias are common, specific phobias seriously interfere with functioning
-12% of people, 2/3 women
-people realize it is irrational but cannot calm themselves
-develop from classical conditioning but are maintained through operant
45
most common phobias
-animals, heights, blood, flying
46
OCD
-persistent and uncontrollable obsessions (unwanted thoughts) and urges to engage in compulsions (rituals, actions)
-diagnosis requires these to take up over an hour per day or impairs functioning
-onset 19-10, 2-3% of people
-elevated suicide risk
-equally sought from men and women
47
living with anxiety disorders video: If you were this woman’s clinician, which disorders would you want to examine
to see if she meets criteria?
panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, insomnia, OCD possibly, agoraphobia
48
living with anxiety disorders video: Does she think getting a diagnosis or multiple diagnoses has helped her? How?
yes, it helped her accept and understand she was able to ask for help
49
living with anxiety disorders video: What is her advice to people, if someone shares with them that they have an
anxiety disorder?
believe them and support them
50
living with anxiety disorders video: What did you notice about her mannerisms during the interview?
fidgeting, seems happy
51
etiology of anxiety related disorders: biological factors
-weak to moderate genetic link, can inherit temperament which increases risk
-linked to neurotransmitters for anxiety disorders and serotonin for OCD
52
etiology of anxiety related disorders: cognitive factors
-styles of thinking, can misinterpret harmless situations as threatening, focussing too much on possible threats, selectively remember info
53
etiology of anxiety related disorders: conditioning and learning factors
-classical and operant conditioning play a role in maintaining and creating anxiety responses
-NS paired with scary event so it becomes conditioned stimulus
-then they may avoid the CS which is negative reinforcement
-preparedness - more likely to acquire certain fears
54
etiology of anxiety related disorders: stress factors
-precipitates onset of anxiety related disorders
55
dissociative disorders
-people lose contact with some memory, disrupts their identity or perception of world
-cause by extreme trauma and stress
-1-2%, women are more likely to be diagnosed
56
dissociative amnesia
-sudden loss of important personal info, few days to years (usually less than a week). not from physical brain damage
57
3 types of dissociative amnesia
1. localized: cannot remember specific traumatic event or a specific time period
2. selective: cannot remember a specific aspect of a traumatic event
3. generalized: very rare, loss of life history and identity (name, family, live/work. can wander. things unrelated to identity stay intact - riding a bike, reading)
58
dissociative identity disorder
-coexistence of 2 or more complete and very different personalities
-difference in behaviour between family/work or other things is way more drastically different
-usually unaware of each other and the original
-sudden transitions
-more in women
59
depersonalization/derealization disorder
-DP: detachment from the mind, self, body. outside of body or thoughts aren't their own
-DR: detachment from surroundings. things aren't real. can seem like a dream. 2d/cartoony
60
DPDR onset, diagnosis, drugs, occurrence, lasting
-onset 16
-takes like a decade for a diagnosis cause people are unaware
-lasts years
-drugs can trigger it
-can go away and recur
61
lifetime prevalence for depressive disorders and bipolar
-20%
-1%
62
major depressive disorder
-sadness and despair, loss of interest
-anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure)
-lack energy needed for living
-usually episodic
-2/3 will experience more than one episode
-average onset 30-35
-insomnia, less appetite and energy, slow speech, irritability
63
what is bipolar disorder marked by (+ men vs women)
-experience of depressed and manic episodes
-prevalence equal in men and women, onset it late teens early 20s
64
manic episode
-elevated mood to point of euphoria, high self esteem and energy, no sleep, bad judgement (sex, gambling, spending)
65
bipolar 1 vs 2
1: full manic episodes
2: milder, shorter, less impairment hypomanic episodes
66
etiology of depressive and bipolar disorders: genetics
-if one twin has either, the other will have it 65-70% of the time
67
etiology of depressive and bipolar disorders: cognitive
-learned helplessness, pessimist vs optimist, ruminating
68
etiology of depressive and bipolar disorders: Neurochemical and neuroanatomical factors
-mood disorders stem from abnormal levels of serotonin and norepinephrine
-drug treatment impacts these
-depression linked to smaller hippocampal
69
etiology of depressive and bipolar disorders: interpersonal
-lack of social skills, possibly leads to depression
70
etiology of depressive and bipolar disorders: stress/hormones
-overactivity along HPA axis and inflammation in response to stress
-elevated levels of cortisol; moderate
correlation between stress and the onset of mood disorders
71
ASIST
-best in the world
72
schizophrenia spectrum disorder
-delusion, hallucinations, disorganized thinking/speech, severely debilitating
-1%
-increased suicide risk, premature death
-chronic, bad outcomes long-term
73
to get a schizophrenia diagnosis you must have
-at least one of: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech.
-this is accompanied by at least one of: disorganized, catatonic behaviour, negative symptoms (lack of normal behaviours)
74
what are delusions
-false beliefs that are clearly not real
-just delusions and nothing else = delusional disorder
75
2 types of delusions
-delusions of persecution: others are out to get you. weird beliefs of someone's behaviour to long lasting plot beliefs.
-delusions of grandeur: you are famous or of high importance. im PM, or Brad Pitt wants to marry me
76
hallucinations
-sensory perceptions without stimulus. distortions of what is happening (from senses)
-people usually get multiple types at once (multimodal)
77
types of hallucinations
1. auditory: most common. 60-80%. commentary on own behaviour. women more
2. visual: distorted body, animals, demons
-olfactory, gustatory, tactile
78
Hypnagogic hallucinations vs hypnopompic hallucinations
Hypnagogic hallucinations happen as you're falling asleep and hypnopompic hallucinations happen as you're waking up
79
T/F; healthy, high functioning people report hallucinations and delusions
true
80
catatonia
-motor disturbances
-e.g., person appears as if in a daze with
little movement or response to the surrounding environment, person has random motor activity such as pacing or mimicking movements or
speech of others
81
The negative symptoms of schizophrenia reflect behaviours that are
lacking, like flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention,
poor grooming, lack of persistence at work or school, poverty of speech
82
Etiology of schizophrenia: genetics
-genetics play an important role
-people inherit genetic vulnerability which interacts with environmental stressors
83
Etiology of schizophrenia: neurochemical factors
-excess dopamine
-marijuana use during adolescence doubles risk
84
Etiology of schizophrenia: structural brain abnormalities
enlarged brain ventricles. reflects degeneration of brain tissue. can cause it or be a result
85
Etiology of schizophrenia: neurodevelopmental hypothesis
caused in-part by insults to the brain during normal
maturational processes either before or at birth
86
Etiology of schizophrenia: stress
may trigger the onset of schizophrenia in someone who is already vulnerable; can also contribute to relapse of psychotic symptoms, exacerbate symptoms
87
Etiology of schizophrenia: expressed emotion
highly critical/hostile or emotionally over-involved attitudes;
families high in EE- relapse rates 2-3 times more- more stress
88
autism spectrum disorder
-deficits in social behaviour, communication
-restricted, repetitive behaviours, interests, activities
-must be present in early development
-since 1990s there has been a dramatic increase
-mostly males
89
genetic origins of ASD
-genes are major contributor (early appearance in life, so it probably has biological origins
90
Brain abnormalities of ASD
-brain enlargement (by age 2)
-disrupts neural circuit connection
91
mercury in vaccine as cause for autism
-disproven, no association
92
T/F: Eating disorders are universal problems found in all cultures
false, western problem
93
T/F: People with anorexia nervosa are much more likely to recognize their
eating behaviour as pathological than are people with bulimia nervosa
false
94
The binge-and-purge syndrome seen in bulimia nervosa is not
common in anorexia
false
95
Nearly 1/3 of those diagnosed with eating disorders are boys and men
true
96
eating disorders
-severe disturbances in eating behaviour
-preoccupation with weight and unhealthy habits to control it
-anorexia nervosa, bulimia, nervosa, and binge-eating disorder
-15-19 most common onset
-men more undiagnosed
97
Anorexia nervosa
-intense fear of weight gain, disturbed body image, refusal to maintain normal weight, and dangerous behaviours to lose it
-significantly lower body weight than expected
98
subtypes of anorexia nervosa
1. restricting type: reduce food intake, starving yourself
2. binging/purging: forced vomiting after meals, laxatives, excessive exercise
99
Because of their disturbed body image, people with anorexia nervosa
-lack awareness regarding behaviour, so rarely seek treatment
-typically only seek treatment when coerced by others that are alarmed
100
bulimia nervosa
-overeating followed by vomiting, fasting, laxatives
-secret binges, intense guilt
-maintain reasonable weight
101
difference between AN and BN
-BN: normal weight, aware of problem
-AN: lower weight, not recognized
102
binge-eating disorder
-distress induced binges not followed by fasting, purging, or exercise
-more common and less severe than the other 2
-disgusted over body, distraught over eating
-many progress to bulimia, some get obese
103
male eating disorders
-many obsess over being large (reverse anorexia)
-10% will die
-lack of treatment, and it wasn't even possible for a while because you had to miss your period
-most research is on women
-delays in seeking treatment
104
psychotherapy
-helping relationship where a psychotherapist provides help to someone in need (client)
-more than 500 types
105
3 main categories of therapy
1. insight therapy: talking, clients gain insight, figure out solutions
2. behaviour therapies: learning and conditioning. alter problem responses and habits
3. biomedical therapies: alter physiological functions
106
prominent mode of treatment for mental health conditions in canada
drugs
107
why don't people get treatment when they need it
-lack of access to services
-stigma associated with it
-don't want to admit personal weakness
108
psychoanalysis
-insight therapy
-recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, defenses
109
2 main techniques of of probing the unconscious
1. free association: lie on couch, mind drifts, all that comes to mind is spoken no matter how dumb
2. dream analysis: remember dreams, share with therapist to interpret
110
other 2 psychoanalysis techniques
1. transference: start relating to therapist in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives
2. resistance: defensive maneuvers to hinder therapy process. unwilling to share issues
111
Psychodynamic therapy has changed quite a bit since the time of Freud,
but modern psychoanalysis still focuses on many of its original key features
such as:
Exploration of resistance, the therapeutic relationship including
transference, exploring fantasy life and dreams, and a focus on past
experience, especially during childhood
112
Research suggests that psychodynamic approaches can be effective in the
treatment of many disorders such as
depression, anxiety, personality
disorders, and substance abuse
113
downside of psychoanalysis
-hard and slow process (3-5 yrs)
114
client-centered therapy
-emphasis on providing a supportive emotional climate
-goal is to get clients to realize they don't need others acceptance
115
Personal stress is due to __ between a person’s self concept and
reality
incongruence: more prone to feeling threatened by feedback. defence mechanisms engaged
116
in client-centred therapy, the therapist must do 3 things to provide a supportive and accepting climate
1. genuineness (honesty)
2. unconditional positive reward (no judgement)
3. accurate empathy (understanding)
117
behavioural therapies
-efforts to change behaviours by using the principles of learning
-based off the fact that behaviours are a part of learning (conditioning), and what has been learned can be unlearned
118
Behavioural therapists change clients’ behaviour by applying the
principles of _, _, and _
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and
observational learning
119
cognitive behavioural therapy
-combinations of verbal interventions and behaviour modification to help clients change maladaptive thinking
120
cognitive restructuring
-detect negative thoughts, reality test them, change thoughts so they are realistic
121
biomedical therapies
-physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders
-electroconvulsive therapy and medication
122
side effects of electroconvulsive therapy
-memory loss, impaired attention, confusion
-long lasting/permanent memory loss, long lasting confusion
123
4 categories of therapeutic drugs for mental disorders
-antidepressant, anti-anxiety, antipsychotic, and mood stabilizers
124
antidepressants
-elevate mood, bring out of depression, therapeutic for OCD, panic disorder
-SSRIs are most widely used (slow serotonin absorption)
-rapid therapeutic gains, avoids serious side effects
125
anti-anxiety drugs
-reduce tension, apprehension, nervousness
-immediate effects, wear off quickly
-taken as needed
-not first choice, SSRIs are
126
most therapists describe themselves as _
eclectic: variety of treatments while tailoring to each unique person
127
leading approaches to therapy among psychologists
-eclectic, then CBT, then psychodynamic
128
superficial curative effects
-drugs provide temporary relief, do not get to the root
-don't teach coping strategies
-drugs plus therapy would be better
129
Lambert's common factors of effectiveness in counselling psychotherapy
1. extra-therapeutic factors: 40%, client characteristics, like severity, motivation, support
2. Relationship factors: 30%, alliance with therapist
3. expectancy factors: 15%, placebo. positive expectations
4. techniques: 15%, strategies unique to treatments
130
computerized treatments in telephsychology
-series of modules educating on nature and cause of disorders. strategies for symptoms
-limited access to actual therapist
131
positive psychology
-ways to cultivate human strengths, like courage, hope, and resilience, to help people flourish
-Seligman changed his focus from learned helplessness to this (cause of daughter)
132
model of complete mental health
-can flourish (high levels of well-being regardless of mental illness) and can be languishing (low levels of well being regardless of mental illness)
133
diagram (boxes) on languishing and flourishing
-thriving with illness = mental illness + flourishing
-thriving without illness = no mental illness + flourishing
-languishing with illness
-languishing without illness
-this is to help understand one's changing mindset everyday
134
positive subjective experiences
-positive feelings and thoughts people have about themselves and life events
-mood is a long lasting state of mind.
135
what did the duncker candle task prove
-the relationship between mood and creative problem solving
-positive modd promotes it
136
effects of sleep deprivation
-mental distress
-lack of focus
-increased errors
-slow thinking
-delayed response times
-microsleeps
-lack of awareness
137
how to improve sleep to avoid drowsy driving
1. bedtime
2. good weekend sleep schedule
3. keep tv/computer out of bedroom
4. bright morning light and dim at night
5. relaxing wind down routine
6. plan ahead (no late night studying)
7. limit daytime naps
8. avoid later caffeine
138
signs of drowsy driving
-yawning
-unable to keep eyes open
-nodding off
-can't remember driving
-following too closely
-miss road signs
-drift into other lanes
-drift into rumble strip
139
making the right choices to avoid drowsy driving
-arrange a ride
-full night sleep
-not too late
-avoid medications that cause sleepiness
-avoid driving alone
-share the driving
-caffeine
-rest stops for naps
140
what is hikikomori
-social isolation
-started in japan, now global
-mostly men
-lasts at least 6 months, needs physical withdrawal, lack of social participation, psychological detachment
141
how to treat hikikomori
-individual or family therapy
-learn to accept condition
-rent-a-sister (be there for them, they are allowed to be late and tired, they can be themselves)
-social activities to pull them out
142
agoraphobia vs hikikomori
agoraphobia is fear of going out because of the fear of escaping or getting help. hikikomori is fear of being judges as a failure and not facing people
143
parasonmias
-abnormal behaviours occurring in association with sleep, specific sleep stages, or sleep-wake transitions
-Sleepwalking, sleep terror, nightmare disorder, sleep paralysis, REM behaviour, sleep eating
144
what is sleep paralysis
-paralysis between sleep and awake, but eyelids aren't
-weight on chest, can't move
-feel fine once it passes
-paralysis from REM
-can be part of narcolepsy
145
REM behaviour disorder
-person acts out vivid dreams, can be violent
-ignored until injury
-usually happens with other sleep disorders
-higher rate in parkinsons and dementia
-men over 50
146
essential safety measures for people with rem behaviour disorder
-remove weapons
-move bed from objects and windows
-dresser to block windows
-pad furniture
-soft carpet
147
how to treat REM behaviour disorder
-better sleep
-avoid some meds and alcohol
-treat other sleep disorders
-medication
148
perspective anamorphosis
-art drawn distorted from most angles but turns 3d from a specific one
ERTH
flashcards
Decks in class (18)
# Cards
-
erth midterm 1129
-
ANTH midterm 226
-
ERTH midterm 21
-
erth test 3300
-
anth final140
-
lwso final47
-
psyc final148
-
Arky midterm 1250
-
lwso 203 midterm 1 (topic 1-3)175
-
soci midterm 1188
-
lab quiz 460
-
lwso midterm 2 (topic 4-)103
-
arky lab quiz 549
-
lwso midterm 3 extra notes and slide questions68
-
questions that will 100% be on midterm 367
-
arky midterm 2238
-
soci midterm 23
-
arky - rest of stuff for final56
