what is shared decision making?
- collaborative process to reach a decision
- MDT meetings
- NMC claims patients have a right to be involved in decisions
What are the 4 Bio ethical principles from Beauchamp and Childress’s book?
Autonomy,. Justice, Beneficence, Non maleficence
benefits of using shared decision making and is so what might the be?
- avoids paternalism
- makes sure the patient gets the care they want
empowerment - allows people to choose their care
what form the legal process of consent?
informed, voluntary, competent
how a professional duty of care might vary from a legal duty of care?
- no legal duty to volunteer help in an emergency situation
- NMC code places a professional duty on them to provide appropriate assistance, within their knowledge and competence
What does a hypothesis do?
- states there will be no difference
- states there will be a difference
what does a null hypothesis tell us?
- no effect
- no real effect
- no relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
what does an alternative hypothesis tell us?
- there is an effect
- there is a probably a real effect
- there is a relationship between independent and dependent variables.
what does it mean to reject null hypothesis
- there is a statistically significant effect, it is presumed to be correct until otherwise.
explain the difference between an Alpha value of .05 and .01
They are both tests of statistical significance with .05 more likely than .01 to have occurred by chance and not the intervention/independent variable.
what does an alpha value .05 mean
.05 = less than a 5% chance that the result could have occurred under the null hypothesis
what does an alpha value .01 mean
.01= less than a 1% chance that the result could have occurred under the null hypothesis
A study sets an alpha level at .05. The p value of the study result is .049999. What does this p value mean?
- result is statistically significant
- p value is close to the alpha level its barely significant providing weak evidence against null hypothesis
what does a p value tell us about the null hypothesis and statistical significance?
- p-value tells how likely the result of data could be under null hypothesis
When a p value is reported as statistically significant what does this mean?
to accept or reject the null hypothesis
explain the difference between a p value and confidence intervals.
A p value provides a cut off point for statistical significance. It tells us if the study results are likely to be due to chance.
Confidence intervals are about the treatment effect. They provide a range in which the true treatment effect is likely.
Confidence intervals have confidence levels such as 95% and p values have p values or alpha values such as .05.
what does a narrow confidence interval tell us?
the stimate of the true effect is precise
What is a difference between risk ratio and attributable risk?
- Risk Ratio is the strength of associtaion between exposed group and effect.
- Attributable Risk measures the excess risk linked to the risk factor.
