RAINE

Question 1

METHOD

Answer 1

• quasi
• matched pairs
• IV NGRI DV brain differences
• 41 murderers
• 6 Schiz matched with 6 schizophrenic
• controls not taking medication or history of psychiatric illness

Question 2

PROCEDURE

Answer 2

• all participants given glucose tracer (FDG)
• asked to do continuous performance task
• given chance to practice
• injected 30 seconds after starting
• 32 minutes after Pet scan done 10 horizontal sliced recorded

Question 3

FINDINGS

Answer 3

• reduced activity in prefrontal cortex, left angular gyrus, corpus callosom and left amygdala
• prefrontal linked to impulsivity self control
• both performed similar on CPT

Question 4

CONCLUSIONS

Answer 4

• areas in table linked to aggression
• NGRI have different brain functioning
• can’t be reduced to single brain mechanism
• predisposition rather than cause
• head injury and IQ not ruled out
• don’t not show determined by biology alone, doesn’t mean not responsible, pet scans can’t diagnose violent people, can’t show cause or effect, relate only to criminal behaviour

Question 5

EVALUATION OF METHOD

Answer 5

• quasi: casual conclusions are not justified raine points out not bio alone, readers may misinterpret findings and assume violence in escapable
• research technique: PET scans means researchers can study in detail and brain actions to be examined
• Sample: can only draw conclusions about murderers

Question 6

EVALUATE ALTERNATIVE EVIDENCE

Answer 6

• yang and raine meta analysis significantly reduced prefrontal activity in violent individuals
• genetic studies eg MAOA
• genes only predisposing factors James Fallon found he had genes and Brain of criminal (diathesis stress)

Question 7

EVALUATE ETHICS

Answer 7

• valid consent
• psychological harm
• PET scan distressing
• right to withdraw
• socially sensitive research