Reflexes

Question 1

What is the stimulus for the rooting reflex?

Answer 1

Light touch on side of face near mouth

The rooting reflex helps infants find food by turning their head toward the touch.

Question 2

What is the positive response of the sucking/swallowing reflex?

Answer 2

Closes mouth, sucks, and swallows

This reflex is critical for feeding in newborns.

Question 3

At what age does the Moro reflex typically integrate?

Answer 3

4-6 months

The Moro reflex is a startle response to a sudden loss of support.

Question 4

What is the position for the palmar grasp reflex?

Answer 4

Supine

The palmar grasp reflex involves pressure on the ulnar surface of the palm.

Question 5

What occurs during the plantar grasp reflex?

Answer 5

Toes grasp (flexion)

This reflex typically integrates by 4-9 months.

Question 6

What is the age span for the neonatal positive support-primary standing reflex?

Answer 6

Birth - 1-2M

This reflex involves bouncing on the soles of feet.

Question 7

What does ATNR stand for?

Answer 7

Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex

This reflex is characterized by arm and leg extension on the face side and flexion on the skull side.

Question 8

What happens during the Landau reflex?

Answer 8

Arms flex and legs extend (tone increases)

This reflex is observed when the infant is held in a prone position.

Question 9

Fill in the blank: The stimulus for the ATNR is a head turn to one side, resulting in _______.

Answer 9

Arm and leg on face side extend; arm and leg on skull side flex

This reflex assists in developing hand-eye coordination.

Question 10

True or False: The absence of the Moro reflex can interfere with head control and protective reactions.

Answer 10

True

Lack of integration of this reflex can lead to developmental delays.

Question 11

What is the primary issue caused by the lack of integration of the palmar grasp reflex?

Answer 11

Interferes with releasing objects

This can affect the ability to manipulate objects effectively.

Question 12

What age range does the Landau reflex typically cover?

Answer 12

3-4 to 12-24 months

The Landau reflex is an indicator of overall motor development.

Question 13

What developmental issue is associated with the lack of integration of the neonatal positive support reflex?

Answer 13

Interferes with walking patterns and leads to walking on toes

This can significantly affect mobility and balance.

Question 14

What does STNR stand for?

Answer 14

Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex

This reflex involves coordination of arm and leg movements in response to head position.

Question 15

What is the integration age for the ATNR reflex?

Answer 15

Birth to 4-6 months

Integration of this reflex is crucial for later motor skills.

Question 16

Fill in the blank: The stimulus for the Landau reflex is _______.

Answer 16

Suspension (usually), also active or passive dorsiflexion of head

This reflex helps with postural control.

Question 17

What developmental concern arises from the lack of integration of the plantar grasp reflex?

Answer 17

Interferes with putting on shoes because of toe clawing, gait, and standing and walking problems

This can lead to significant mobility issues.

Question 18

What is the primary response observed in the Landau reflex?

Answer 18

Arms extend and legs flex (tone increases)

This reflex supports the development of muscle strength and coordination.

Question 19

What is the protective extension reflex?

Answer 19

A reflex where the arms extend to protect the head during sudden movements.

Question 20

What are the types of protective extension?

Answer 20

• Parachute downward
• Forward
• Sideways
• Backward

Question 21

What is the purpose of the stagger LE reflex?

Answer 21

To maintain balance by staggering forward, backward, or sideways.

Question 22

What is the test position for the equilibrium in a sitting position?

Answer 22

Seated with extremities relaxed.

Question 23

What happens during the head righting reflex on the non-weight-bearing side?

Answer 23

• Trunk flexes
• UE and LE abduct and internally rotate
• Elbow, wrist, and fingers extend

Question 24

What is a positive response when the body is displaced by pushing on the shoulders?

Answer 24

• Shoulders flex
• Elbow and wrist extend (arms extend forward)

Question 25

At what age does the head righting reflex typically appear?

Answer 25

Appears between 1-2 months.

Question 26

What are the consequences of lack of integration of the protective extension reflex?

Answer 26

Interferes with head protection when center of gravity is displaced.

Question 27

What reflex appears at 15-18 months and continues throughout life?

Answer 27

Stagger LE reflex

Question 28

What is the impact of lack of integration of the stagger LE reflex?

Answer 28

Interferes with the ability to catch self when center of gravity is displaced.

Question 29

What is the response when an infant is pushed backward?

Answer 29

* Shoulder abducts * Elbow and wrist extend (arms extend backward)

Question 30

Fill in the blank: The head righting reflex on the weight-bearing side involves trunk ________ and UE and LE externally rotate.

Answer 30

[elongation]

Question 31

What is the significance of the head righting reflex in infants?

Answer 31

Helps maintain head alignment and balance during movement.

Question 32

What are the components of the head righting reflex on the weight-bearing side?

Answer 32

* Trunk elongates * UE and LE externally rotate * Elbow, wrist, and fingers abduct and extend

Question 33

What age does the stagger LE reflex appear?

Answer 33

Appears 15-18 months.

Question 34

What can interfere with the ability to sit or maintain balance when reaching for objects?

Answer 34

Lack of integration of the equilibrium reflex.

Question 35

What is the age range for the appearance and integration of the head righting reflex?

Answer 35

Appears 0-2 months Fully integrated by 12-21 months.

Question 36

True or False: The protective extension reflex continues throughout life.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

What happens during the head righting reflex on the non-weight-bearing side?

Answer 37

* Trunk flexes * UE and LE abduct * Elbow, wrist, hip, and knee externally rotate and extend

Question 38

What is the effect of lack of integration of the head righting reflex?

Answer 38

Interferes with the ability to stand and walk.

Question 39

Protective Extension

Answer 39

Parachute downward, forward, sideways, backwards Position: Prone, seated Stimulus: Suspension by ankles and pelvis, sudden movement of head towards floor Push child forward, backwards, left/right (+) response = shoulders flex, elbows and wrists extend **protect head in stimulated direction** Onset: 6-9M - lifelong No = decreased protection

Question 40

Moro

Answer 40

Position: Head at midline, supine Stimulus: Drop head, >30 Degrees extension (+) response: arms extend, hands open, arms flex, hands close, infant cries Onset/Integration: Birth - 4-6 months No: interferes with head control, sitting balance, protective reactions

Question 41

Standing Balance

Answer 41

Position: Standing upright, extremities relaxed Stimulus: Body displaced by holding UE and pulling to side (+) response: Head righting, non-WB side - trunk flexes, UE/LE abduct & internally rotate, elbow, wrist, fingers extend Heading righting - WB side: trunk elongates, UE/LE externally rotate, elbow, wrist, and finger extend and abduct Onset: 12-21 M - lifelong Not: interferes with ability to a stand and walk and make transitional movements

Question 42

ATNR

Answer 42

Position: Supine, arms and lefts extended, head at midline Stimulus: turn head to one side (+) response: fencer’s pose Onset/integration: birth - 4-6M No: Interferes with reaching & grasping, bilateral hand use and rolling

Question 43

Rooting:

Answer 43

Supine Light touch to side of face Head turns to side stimulated Birth - 3M Interferes with exploration of objects and head control

Question 44

STNR

Answer 44

Quadruped over examiner’s knee Flex/extend head Flex head = arms flex, legs extend (increase tone) Extend head = arms extend, legs flex (increase tone) Birth = 4=6M No; interfere with reciprocal crawling (bunny walk if not integrated)

Question 45

TLR

Answer 45

Move head looking up & back or down & in 1. Supine, head at midline 2. Prone 1. Neck flexes, arms & legs flex (think ball shape) 2. Neck extends, arms and legs extend (think full flop) Birth - 4-6M Interferes with turning on side, rolling, lying to sit transfer, crawling, hold supine flexion or pivot in prone in older children

Question 46

Landau

Answer 46

Prone, held in suspension, support at thorax Suspension, also active or passive dorsiflexion of head Hips and legs extend, UE extend and abduct, elbows can flex (determines overall development) 3-4M - 12-24M Slows development of prone extension, sitting & standing, early onset (1M) may indicate excessive tone or spasticity

Question 47

Suck/swallow

Answer 47

Supine Light touch to oral cavity Close mouth to suck and swallow Birth - 2-5M Interferes with development of coordination of SSB

Question 48

Plantar grasp

Answer 48

Supine Firm pressure on ball of foot Toes grasp (flex) Birth - 4-9M Interferes with donning shoes (toes claw), gait and standing and walking (toe walking)

Question 49

Equilibrium or tilting - prone, supine

Answer 49

Prone or supine on tilt board, extremities extended Board L/R tilted Heading righting - NWB - trunk flexes, UE/LE abduct, elbow, wrist, hip, knee external rotation and extend Head righting - WB - UE/LE internally rotate & abduct, elbow, wrist, fingers, knee, & hip extend 5-6M - lifelong Interferes with ability to make transitional movements, sit & creep

Question 50

Equilibrium - sitting

Answer 50

Seated, extremities relaxed Hand pulled to one side or shoulder push Head righting - NWB - trunk flexes, UE/LE abduct & internally rotate, elbow, wrist, fingers extend Head righting - WB - trunk elongates, UE/LE externally rotate, elbow, wrist, fingers abduct and extend 7-8M - lifelong Can’t sit or reach or maintain sitting balance

Question 51

Stagger LE

Answer 51

Forwards, backwards, sideways Upright; Displacement of body by pushing forward, backward, sides Infant takes 1+ step in direction of displacement, often with protective response in UE Forward: Shoulder flexes Back: Shoulder abducts and extends Side: Shoulder abducts 15-18M - lifelong Interferes with ability to catch self when center of balance displaced, causes trips and falls

Question 52

Neonatal positive support - primary standing

Answer 52

Upright Bounce infant on soles of feet LE extensor tone increases, plantar flexion present, some hip/knee flexion or knee hyper extension possible Birth - 1-2M Interferes with walking pattern and leads to toe walking

Question 53

Palmar grasp

Answer 53

Supine Pressure on ulnar side of palm (+) response: Fingers flex Birth - 4-9M Interferes w/ object release