Repro 2

Question 1

What are the main portals of entry into the female reproductive tract?

Answer 1

1. At insemination 2. Excessive vaginal contamination 3. Postpartum + retained fetal membranes 4. Haematogenous - localisation in maternoplacental interface

Question 2

What are some clinical signs that could be seen in cases of infection of the feline reproductive tract?

Answer 2

1. Pain 2. Vulval discharge 3. Irregular oestrus + prolonged breeding seasons 4. Avain - drop in egg production or reduced amount of eggs

Question 3

Name condition shown below and state the clinical significance of it:

Answer 3

Ovarian cysts - mostly silent + often and incidental finding

Question 4

For the condition below:

1. State the condition that is shown
2. This is commonly seen in the ______ calf
3. Briefly explain the pathogenesis of it

Answer 4

a. Ovarian hypoplasia and aplasia
b. Free martin calves
c. Female with a male twin means they will be exposed to testosterone in utero

Question 5

Name the condition that is shown below (inflammation of ovary and provide an example of a disease/aetiological agent that may be responsible for this:

Answer 5

Oophoritis - inflammation of the ovary

Aetiological agents that may be responsible:

• Fowl Cholera – Pasteurella multocida, Avian influenza, Newcastle disease, FIP – can also cause this

Question 6

Name the conditions shown below (they are neoplasms):

Answer 6

1. Ovarian tumours
2. Ovarian adenocarcinomas

Question 7

Name the condition that is shown in the uterus below then:

i) Name 3 ways in which it could arise
ii) The clinical significance of this lesion

Answer 7

Endometritis - inflammation of the inner glandular lining of the uterus

i)

Pregnancy - microbes that cause placentitis

Post-partum - after normal pregnancy - specifically failure of birth

Retained lochia - excellent medium for bacterial growth

ii)

Endometritis/metritis > persisitant corpus leuteum > prolonged dioestrous (absence of PGF2 release) > delayed return to service

Question 8

Name the condition that is shown in the image below:

Answer 8

Metritis - much more severe form of endometritis extending through all layers of the uterus - potentially caused by Clostridium perfringens

Question 9

Name the condition that is shown below:

Answer 9

Endometrial cyst hyperplasia - localised or generalised - persistant ovarian follicles - reduced fertility/dystochia (harder to implant)

Question 10

Name the condition that is shown in the image below, a cause and what do you need to do?

Answer 10

• Uterine prolapse - normally seen after parturition
• Predisposing factors: flaccid uterus, dysocia, excessive straining
• This lesion causes hyperaemia, oedema + venous infarction - get it back in the animal ASAP

Question 11

Name the condition that is shown below:

Answer 11

Uterine lymphoma

Question 12

Name the condition that is shown below and provide a scenario of where this may be seen:

Answer 12

Hypoplastic cervix - seen in cases of the free martin heifer

Question 13

Name the condition that is shown below:

Answer 13

Cervical polyp

Question 14

Name the condition that is shown below and provide an example of a potential aetiological agent:

Answer 14

Vulvo-vaginitis - caused by BoHV-1

Question 15

What is dystocia and what could be a potential cause of it?

Answer 15

Abnormal or difficult birth - caused by foetal factors

Question 16

What is an example of a maternal factor that could cause dystocia?

Answer 16

1. Downer cow from hypocalcaemia
2. Immature breeding - inadequate canal size
3. Breach birth - cow comes out the wrong way

Question 17

Name three foetal factors that could cause dystochia:

Answer 17

1. Large foetal size due to metabolic disorders
2. Big head from foetal hydrocephalus
3. Breeds bred for specific characteristics

Question 18

Name the clinical findings shown below and state the significance of them:

Answer 18

Mumification of the foetus/foetuses – retained and become dark dehydrated masses – infectious or non-infectious – means sterile (bacteria haven’t got there) – can be born at any time OR retain indefinitely

Question 19

Name the finding that is shown below and state the significance of it:

Answer 19

1. Maceration of foetus/foetuses – putrefactive bacteria have been able to gain access to the tissue and putrification + pyometra – retained indefinitely (foetus does not induce its own parturition)

Question 20

Name the condition that is shown below:

Answer 20

The distressed foetus was hypoxic and gasped as a result it aspirated amniotic contents

Question 21

Name a possible virus that may have caused the lung pathology below and also abortion:

Answer 21

Caused by equine herpesvirus 1 (this virus also causes abortion)

Question 22

Name the condition that is shown below:

Answer 22

Bovine necrotising placentitis - caused by leptospira

Question 23

What is an example of a protozoa that could cause abortion?

Answer 23

T.gondii and neospora caninum

Question 24

Name the condition that is shown below and provide a potential cause:

Answer 24

Arthrogryposis - caused by Akabane virus

Question 25

What pathogen caused the pathology shown below?

Answer 25

Toxoplasma

Question 26

Name the aetiologic agent causing the lesion shown to the placenta below:

Answer 26

Brucellosis

Question 27

Name the agent responsible for the lesion below:

Answer 27

Chlamydiosis

Question 28

Name the agent responsible for the palcental lesion shown below:

Answer 28

Q fever

Question 29

Name the agent responsible for the placental lesion below:

Answer 29

Mycotic ruminitis - Aspergillus