Reproduction

Question 1

Asexual Reproduction

Answer 1

Involves the formation of individuals whose genes all come from one parents
In stable environments, allows for the per

Question 2

Sexual reproduction

Answer 2

formation of offspring by the fusion of haploid gametes

Increases genetic variation among offspring

Question 3

Ovum

Answer 3

Female gamete, usually large and motile

Question 4

Spermatozooan

Answer 4

Male gamete, usually small and motile

Question 5

External fertilization

Answer 5

Requires a moist habitat that will protect developing egg from desiccation and heat stress

Question 6

Internal Fertalization

Answer 6

Requires cooperative behaviour that leads to copulation
Usually results in the production of fewer zygotes than EF
Eggs of birds/reptiles are protected by a calcium and protein shell

Question 7

Testes

Answer 7

Male gonads
Consist of many seminiferous tubules surrounded by layers of connective tissue
Sperm form in seminiferous tubules
Leydig cells produce androgens

Question 8

Androgens

Answer 8

Male sex hormones

Responsible for sexual behaviour and general aggressiveness

Question 9

Leydig Cells

Answer 9

Produce testosterone in the presence of lutenizing hormone (LH)

Question 10

Epididymis

Answer 10

A highly convoluted tube that connects a testicle to the vas deferens
Sperm becomes motile and gains the ability to fertizile

Question 11

Vas Deferens

Answer 11

Runs from the scrotum and behind the urinary bladder

Here each vas deferens joins with a duct from the seminal vesicle to form an ejactulatory duct

Question 12

Ejaculation

Answer 12

propels sperm from the epididymis to the vas deferens
from there the sperm goes up to the ejaculatory duct
duct opens into the urethra

Question 13

Accessory Sex Glands

Answer 13

Add secretions to semen

Question 14

Semen

Answer 14

60% is mucus, fructose, a coagulation enzyme, asorbic acid, prostaglandins

Question 15

Prostate gland

Answer 15

Gland surrounding the neck of bladder in male mammals and releasing prostatic fluid
Fluid is thin and milky

Question 16

Penis

Answer 16

Composed of three layers of spongey tissue
During sexual arousal erectile tissue fills with blood from the arteries
Resultant pressure seals off the veins that drain the penis

Question 17

Female internal reproductive organs

Answer 17

A pair of gonads and a system of ducts and chambers

The role of the ducts and chambers is to conduct the gametes and house the embryo and fetus

Question 18

Ovaries

Answer 18

Female gonads
Each ovary contains follicles
Each ovary is enclosed in a tough protective capsule

Question 19

Follicles in the ovaries

Answer 19

Consists of one egg surrounded by one or more layers of follicles cells
produce estrogen: primary female sex hormone
women are born with around 400 000 follicles

Question 20

Corpus Luteum

Answer 20

Hormone secreting structure that develops in an ovary after an ovum has been discharged, but degenerates after a few days if pregnancy hasn’t begun
secretes estrogen and progesterone

Question 21

Egg path to uterus

Answer 21

Egg is released into the abdominal cavity near the opening of the oviduct
cilia-lined funnel-like opening draws in egg
cilia move egg through to oviduct to uterus

Question 22

Enometrium

Answer 22

Highly vascularized inner lining of the uterus

Question 23

Cervix

Answer 23

Neck of uterus that opens into the vagina

Question 24

Vagina

Answer 24

Thinly walled chamber that forms the birth canal and is a repository for sperm

Question 25

Vaginal opening

Answer 25

Until ruptured is partially covered by the hymen

Question 26

Vestible

Answer 26

Where the vaginal and urethra openings are | surrounded by the labia minora

Question 27

Bartholins Glands

Answer 27

secrete mucus into the vestible | provides lubrication and facilitates intercourse

Question 28

Spermatogenesis

Answer 28

Production of mature sperm cells from spermatogonia | As spermatogenesis progresses the developing sperm cells move from the wall to the lumen of a seminiferous tubule

Question 29

Sperm structure

Answer 29

Haploid nucleus tipped with acrosome contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg Large number of mitochondria provide ATP to flagellum

Question 30

Oogenesis

Answer 30

Is the production of ova from oogonia

Question 31

Ovum

Answer 31

Mature female reproductive cell that can divide to give rise to an embryo usually only after fertilization by a male cell

Question 32

Primary sex characteristics of males

Answer 32

Development of vas deferens and other ducts Development of external reproductive structures Sperm production

Question 33

Secondary sex characteristics of males

Answer 33

Deepening of voice facial and pubic hair muscle growth

Question 34

Menustral cycle

Answer 34

menstrual flow proliferative phase secretory phase

Question 35

Ovarian cycle

Answer 35

Follicular phase | Luteal Phase

Question 36

Follicular phase

Answer 36

GnRH simulates secretion of small amount of FSH and LH Growing follicles secrete small amounts of estrogen Inhibits secretion of FSH and LH FSH and LH levels remain relatively low The timing of this phase is coordinated with the proliferative phase of the menustral cycle

Question 37

Luteal Phase

Answer 37

Follicle tissue remaining in the ovary develops into corpus luteum Coordinated with secretory phase of menustral cycle

Question 38

FSH

Answer 38

Follicle stimulating hormone released by anterior pituitary gland stimulates the growth of immature ovarian follicles

Question 39

LH

Answer 39

Lutenizing hormone secreted by anterior pituitary triggers ovulation and development of corpus luteum

Question 40

Female secondary sex characteristics

Answer 40

Deposition of fat in breasts and hips Increased water retention Affects calcium metabolism Stimulates breast development