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Research Methods Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q
  • Case Study is….
A

an in-depth investigation of an individual

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2
Q

what can case studies provide?

A

information on rare or unusual conditions, but may not be generalizable (applicable to other individuals/situations)

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3
Q
  • Observational Studies are …..
A

observations based on what occurs in the environment

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4
Q

Within observational studies, The researcher observes….

A

But does not control the events

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5
Q

o Direct observation is….

A

the behavior under observation. It must be clearly visible, overt, and easily recorded

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6
Q

 Reactivity is….

A

people behaving differently due to presence of researcher [more of a problem in direct observation]

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7
Q

o Naturalistic observation is when…

A

naturally occurring behavior is **viewed **by a researcher

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8
Q
  • Surveys are….
A

questionnaires asking a large group of people about their values, beliefs, and/or behaviors

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9
Q

o The more representative a sample is……

A

the more results will be generalizable

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10
Q

Experiment is ….

A

an investigation in which a hypothesis is scientifically tested

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11
Q

What are the two main focuses of an experiment ?

A

 Controlled study
 Participants randomly assigned to groups (manipulation)

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12
Q

What does an experiment study?

A

how the Independent varable affects the dependent variable

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13
Q

The Independent varable is…

A

being manipulated

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14
Q

The dependent variable is……

A

the variable that measures the effect of manipulation.

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15
Q
  • Control group
A

does not receive the independent variable

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16
Q
  • Experimental group receives the ….
A

dependent variable

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17
Q
  • Single-subject research designs are….
A

designs that can be applied when the sample size is one or when a number of individuals are considered as one group

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18
Q

what research design is used to study the behavioral change an individual exhibits as a result of some treatment

A

Single-subject research designs

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19
Q

o A-B-A Withdrawal Design

A

a three-phase design consisting of no-intervention baseline (A), an intervention phase (B), and a no-interventions withdrawal phase (A). This allows for evaluation of pre-intervention and intervention problem status

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20
Q

o Multiple Baseline Design is…..

A

a style of research involving the careful measurement of multiple persons, traits, or settings both before and after a treatment

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21
Q

o Alternating Treatment Design is…

A

a type of single-participant design that is characterized by rapid and random/semirandom shifts between two or more conditions

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22
Q
  • Testable hypothesis is…
A

a tentative and testable statement about the relationship between causes and consequences; an explanation for phenomenon or an event

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23
Q
  • Significance test is…
A

the process used to determine whether the null hypothesis is rejected, in favor of the alternative research hypothesis, or not.

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24
Q

Regarding signifigance test, A P-Value must be used; it should be equal or…..

A

or less than to be considered statistically significant

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25
what are typical values of signifcant test ?
0.1, 0.05, and 0.01
26
what are Experiment advantages
o Permits a determination of cause-and-effect relations o Distinguishes between placebo and real effects of treatment
27
what are Experiment disadvantages ?
o Data collected in artificial environments may not represent behavior in real-world environments o May not be generalizable
28
* Correlation studies are ....
studies that examine the relationship among measured characteristics, behaviors, and events
29
o Longitudinal design is ...
o an example of a correlational study where data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time
30
* Correlation coefficient is....
an index of the strength and relationship between two sets of scores; the degree of relationship between two variables
31
* Correlation coefficient ranges...
from -1.00 to +1.00
32
* Correlation vs. Causation
o It is important to note that a high strength of correlation does not imply causation. o High correlation coefficients simply mean that two variables are related in a systematic way. o Causation means that one variable causes the other.
33
* Correlation Advantage are...
o Permits the analysis of relationships among variables as they exist in the real world o Allows general predictions o Allows the determination of direction and strength of a relationship o Allows data that can be predicators to be collected
34
Correlation disadvantage are...
o Cause-and-effect relations cannot be determined.
35
* Population is ...
the entire set of individuals from which the sample might be drawn
36
* Sample is...
a subset of a population selected as participants in an experiment
37
* Mean is....
the average of a set of number
38
What is the ,most common used measure of central tendency?
The Mean
39
* Median is....
the middle number that separates the upper half of the scores from the bottom half of the scores when numbers are places in numerical order
40
* Mode is...
the number that appears most frequently in a set of numbers
41
* Normal distribution is....
a function that represents the distribution of many random variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph ( (symmetry about the center)
42
o Mean = Mode =________
Median
43
* Standard deviation is....
the average difference of a set of scores from their mean; a measure of variability
44
* Skewed distributions is....
the mean is pulled in the direction of the extreme scores or tail
45
o Positive skew is....
when the long tail is on the positive side of the peak; this means most values are lower, the mean is lower
46
o Negative skew is .....
when the tail long tail is on the negative side of the peak; this means most of the values are higher, the mean is higher
47
* Reliability is....
the consistency of a measure. A test is considered reliable if we get the same result repeatedly
48
o Inter rater reliability is....
the statistical measurements that determine how similar the data collected by different raters are
49
o Test-retest reliability is....
the degree to which a test is consistent over time.
50
How is test-retest reliability achieved
by giving the same test to the same individuals on two occasions and correlating the scores
51
o Internal Consistency reliability
the extent to which a study is free from methodological flaws, especially confounding factors
52
 Confound is ...
an extraneous variable that co-varies with the independent variable and could provide an alternate explanation of the results
53
Just because a test is reliable, does not mean that it is .....
Valid
54
* Validity is...
the extent to which a measure of X truly measures X and not Y
55
What is an example of a validity?
a valid measure of intelligence measure intelligence, not something else
56
o Face validity is.....
the extent to which a test is subjectively viewed as covering the concept it purports to measure. ( The test “looking like” it will work, not if the test “has been shown to work”)
57
o Criterion validity is.....
the extent to which a measure is related to an outcome.
58
 Concurrent validity is...
comparison between the measure in the question and an outcome assessed at the same time
59
 Predictive validity is....
comparison between the measure in the question and an outcome assessed at a later time
60
o Content validity is...
- the extent to which a measure represents all facets of a given construct
61
what is an example of content validity?
A test that is strong in content validity will measure both the manic and depressive parts of being Bipolar, not just the mania
62
o Construct validity is...
the degree to which a test measures what it claims to be measuring
63
o External validity is...
the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people
64
o Internal validity is...
how well an experiment is executed, especially whether it avoids confounding variables or not
65
 The less chance for cofounding variables,.....
, the higher the internal validity is
66
o Internal validity deals with validity within the study (how good the actual study is) while .....
external validity deals with validity outside of the study (how good the study is for generalizing)
67
* Protection from harm is.....
- research participants have the right to be protected from physical and psychological harm
68
o Researchers must use the least stressful research procedure in ....
testing hypotheses
69
* Informed consent is....
research participants have the right to be informed of the purpose of the research, expected duration, procedures, risks and benefits of participation, and any other aspects of the research that may influence their willingness
70
o When children are participants, a parent or guardian must provide....
informed consent on behalf of the child
71
o The investigator should seek ...
assent (the child’s approval/consent) as a way to respect the child’s autonomy
72
* Voluntariness is when....
participants have the right to choose not to participate or to discontinue participation in research at any time, without penalty
73
* Confidentiality is....
participants have the right to conceal their identity on all information and reports obtained in the course of research
74
* Reporting results is when....
participants have the right to be informed of the results of research in language that is appropriate to their level of understanding
75
* Right to treatment is ...
- if an experimental treatment under investigation is believed to be beneficial, participants in control groups have the right to obtain the beneficial treatment
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