Small Animal > Resp 3 > Flashcards

Resp 3 Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

Which three respiratory conditions are associated with reduced airintake?

A
  • Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS)
  • Laryngeal paralysis
  • Tracheal collapse
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2
Q

Which respiratory conditions are associated with the lung paranchyma?

A
  • Lung tumours
  • Lung lobe torsions
  • Pulmonary abscesses
  • Granulomas
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3
Q

Which respiratory conditions are associated with the pleural space?

A
  • Pneumothorax(traumatic vs. spontaneous)
  • Pyothorax
    -Hernias(diaphragmatic, PPDH)
  • Hemothorax
  • Chylothorax
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4
Q

What are the four characteristics of BOAS?

A
  • Stenotic nares
  • Elongated, thickened soft palate
  • Everted laryngeal saccules
  • Hypoplastic trachea
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5
Q

What are some ways to manage patients with BOAS?

A
  • Weight management
  • Avoid overheating
  • Open the nares (rhinoplasty)
  • Open the turbinates (endoscope guided turbinectomy)
  • Shorten soft palate (staphylectomy) or thin it (folded flap palatoplasty)
  • Partial tonsillectomy (everted tonsils)
  • Laryngeal sacculectomy (everted laryngeal saccules)
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6
Q

What are the two surgical risks of BOAS?

A
  • Post-op airway inflammation/swelling
  • Aspiration pneumonia
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7
Q

Which presentation of dogs get laryngeal paralysis?

A

Typically older large breed dogs (ex. Labrador retrievers and goldens)

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of laryngeal paralysis?

A

Idiopathic acquired

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9
Q

What is the pathophysiology of laryngeal paralysis?

A

Thecricoarytenoideus dorsalis(CAD) fails toabductthe arytenoid cartilage (vagus nerve → recurrent laryngeal nerve →caudal laryngeal nerve)

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10
Q

What condition is laryngeal paralysis associated with?

A

Polyneuropathy (geriatric onset laryngeal paralysis polyneuropathy/GOLPP)

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of laryngeal paralysis?

A
  • Change in phonation
  • Gagging/coughing (especially when eating/drinking)
  • Exercise or heat intolerance
  • Laryngeal stridor
  • Regurgitation (megaesophagus)
  • Cyanosis and syncope
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12
Q

How can laryngeal paralysis be diagnosed?

A

-Laryngoscopy(under light plane of anesthesia)
- Thoracic radiographs (to look for underlying pathology such as cranial mediastinal mass, aspiration pneumonia, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, or megaesophagus)

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13
Q

How can laryngeal paralysis be treated?

A
  • Oxygen therapy and cooling
  • Emergency tracheostomy (if required)
  • Anxiolytics
  • Unilateral cricoarytenoid lateralization (“tie-back”)
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14
Q

How can laryngeal paralysis be managed?

A
  • Weight loss
  • Stress reduction
  • Exercise and heat restriction
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15
Q

What is the prognosis of laryngeal paralysis?

A

It cannot be cured but surgery can improve survival and QOL. Aspiration pneumonia willalwaysbe a risk.

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of a pneumothorax (three)?

A
  • Decreased/dull lung sounds (particularlydorsallyas air travels upwards due to gravity, but can be decreased in all lung fields if severe)
  • May haveseeminglyincreasedlung sounds inunaffectedareas
  • Restricted breathing pattern and hypoventilation
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17
Q

How can a spontaneous pneumothorax be diagnosed?

Study These Flashcards
A

If they have all the clinical signs of pneumothorax but there is no evidence or history of trauma

18
Q

Which presentation of dogs most commonly have pyothorax?

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A

Animals tend to be young (3-6 years) hunting/working breed dogs

19
Q

What are the clinical signs of pyothorax?

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A
  • Tachypnea or dyspnea
  • Coughing
  • Restrictive breathing pattern
  • Muffled lung and heart sounds
  • Pyrexia
  • Concurrent SIRS or sepsis
20
Q

True or False: You will always see pyrexia with a pyothorax

Study These Flashcards
A

False! They can be afebrile!

21
Q

What is the most common cause of diaphragmatic hernias?

22
Q

How can pyothrorax be treated (three)?

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A

-Thoracocentesis
-Antibiotics(fluoquinolones + penicillinorclindamycin IV initially followed by culture)
-Surgery+/- thoracic lavage (initial cause may require surgical resection)

23
Q

When should surgery for a pyothorax be considered (three)?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • If the primary cause requires surgical resection
  • If there are thoracostomy tube complications
  • If there is a failure of medical management (persistent effusion for 3-7 days)
24
Q

How can pyothorax be diagnosed?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Cytology and aerobicandanaerobic cultureof fluid from thoracocentesis
  • Imaging (POCUS, radiographs, or CT to document pleural effusion)
25
What surgical approach should be taken for a pyothorax correction?
Median sternotomy
26
Where does tearing occur with a diaphragmatic hernia?
At the costochondral attachment
27
Which organ is most commonly involved in a diaphragmatic hernia?
Liver (but can include other organs)
28
What are the clinical signs of a diaphragmatic hernia?
- Dyspnea or tachypnea - Muffled heart and lung sounds - Possible borborygmi sounds in thorax
29
How can a diaphragmatic hernia be diagnosed?
- Radiographs - CT
30
How can a diaphragmatic hernia be treated?
Surgery ASAP (only if patient is stable)
31
How should the surgery for a diaphragmatic hernia be closed?
Close dorsally to ventrally with a continuous pattern
32
True or False: Complications after a diaphragmatic hernia repair surgery are common
True (occurs in up to 50% of patients and can be life-threatening!)
33
What is the prognosis of a diaphragmatic hernia?
Good if surgery is prompt (15% may die before surgery)
34
Death < 24 hours after surgery for a diaphragmatic hernia is most often caused by what?
Pneumothorax, hemothorax, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, shock, or cardiac dysrthymia
35
Death > 24 hours after surgery for a diaphragmatic hernia is most often caused by what?
Damage to the GI tract or a disease unrelated to the hernia
36
True or False: Recurrence of a diaphragmatic hernia or failure of repair is common
False, it is rare.
37
What is a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH)?
A congenital gap in the ventral diaphragm such that the pericardial sac and peritoneal cavity communicate
38
Which animal breeds are more predisposed to PPDH?
Weimaraners and long haired cat breeds
39
True or False: Asymptomatic incidental PPDH can be managed conservatively
TRUE
40
What surgical approach should be taken for a PPDH correction?
Midline ceiliotomy
41
What is the prognosis of PPDH?
Good if surgery is done (80-90%)
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