Respiratory

Question 1

Respiratory system includes _____ and _____

Answer 1

Conducting and respiratory segments

Question 2

Components of the respiratory system

Answer 2

• nostrils
• nasal cavity
• nasopharynx
• larynx
• trachea
• bronchi
• bronchioles
• alveoli

Question 3

Conducting

Answer 3

Carry air from the environment into the lungs where gaseous exchange occurs
- Nostrils, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, upper part of bronchioles

Question 4

Respiratory

Answer 4

Gas exchange occurs at the lowest level of the bronchioles and alveoli

Question 5

Functions

Answer 5

• Oxygenate blood
• Condition air
• Homeostasis
• Sensory

Question 6

Condition air

Answer 6

• Filter out particulate matter
• Temperature: air in alveoli is body temperature
• Humidity: 100% humidity, no matter what the outside environment is
• Performed by conduction segments

Question 7

How does the respiratory system function in homeostasis?

Answer 7

• First line defense: intact skin and mucous membrane and immune surveillance
• Thermoregulation: when overheated, dogs pant
• Acid/base control: CO2 is an acid, change acid/base control with hypo/hyperventilation

Question 8

Nostrils and Nasal Cavity

Answer 8

• Paired nares: found in most animals (exception: whales)
• Mucocutaneous junction
• Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (also found in trachea)
• Cartilagenous turbinates

Question 9

Mucocutaneous Junctions

Answer 9

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium that meets stratified squamous
- also found on the lips and colon

Question 10

Nasal passage

Answer 10

Underlying connective tissue with cartilage that can mineralize
- some portions have glands in the submucosa

Question 11

Cartilaginous turbinates

Answer 11

Scrolls of bone in the nasal passage

• 2 scrolls of bone on each side
• Meatus: dorsal, middle, and ventral on each side
• Common meatus: place between median cartilaginous septum

Question 12

Paranasal sinuses

Answer 12

Spaces in the bones of the skull (cavities) that communicate with the respiratory tract by turnout of fluid
- ex: sinus infection

Question 13

Gutteral pouches

Answer 13

Dilation of Eustachian tubes lined by ciliated columnar epithelium

• found in horses
• extension of respiratory tract

Question 14

Pharynx

Answer 14

Common area shared between oral cavity and nasal passages

• nasopharynx: dorsal to soft palate
• oropharynx: ventral to soft palate
• both components communicate with one another

Question 15

Larynx

Answer 15

Voice box

• cartilaginous (adam’s apple)
• vocal folds in mucosa to create sound

Question 16

Trachea

Answer 16

Airway (wind pipe)

• flexible
• larynx to bronchi
• hyaline cartilage in C shape (complete rings in birds)

Question 17

Trachea layers

Answer 17

• Mucosa: inner lying connective tissue
• Submucosa: loose areolar CT (glands, etc)
• Cartilage: upper respiratory tract (hyaline)
• Adventitia: outer layer of CT, holds trachea to surrounding muscles

Question 18

Tracheal mucosa

Answer 18

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

• mucous cells: goblet cell = unicellular gland
• mucociliary elevator

Question 19

Lung and lower airways

Answer 19

• trachea
• bronchus (-i)
• bronchiole (s)
• alveolar ducts (s)
• alveolus (-i)

Question 20

Bronchus

Answer 20

• Primary or mainstream: right and left

- Secondary and tertiary

Question 21

How to tell a bronchi from an airway

Answer 21

Look for cartilaginous rings, found only in airway

Question 22

Accessory bronchi

Answer 22

Found in some animals, most just have 2 primary bronchus

Question 23

Secondary and tertiary bronchi

Answer 23

• mucosa
• muscularis: smooth muscle (present throughout the lungs)
• submucosa
• cartilage rings (complete)
• adventitia

Question 24

Epithelium throughout the lungs

Answer 24

Starts out columnar and ends squamous

- epithelium gets shorter the deeper within the lungs you go

Question 25

Are cilia present deeper in the lung?

Answer 25

Go away in the deeper lung due to absence of goblet cells that secrete mucous

Question 26

Bronchioles

Answer 26

- next branches after tertiary bronchi - mm in diameter - NO cartilage or glands! - Continue branching --> lose cilia, get shorter - terminal bronchioles: Clara cells (non-cilia, dome, lipoprotein) - primary, secondary, tertiary

Question 27

What cell type would you expect to see in bronchioles?

Answer 27

Low cuboidal to squamos - getting to the point of gas exchange - white areas in histology are areas of gas exchange

Question 28

Clara cells

Answer 28

Keep lung from collapsing on itself and sticking closed

Question 29

Point of exit in the deep lung

Answer 29

If something needs to leave at the point of the bronchioles, then it must exit via the lymphatics (or an extremely deep cough)

Question 30

Whistling noise due to

Answer 30

Inadequate airflow to the alveoli

Question 31

Alveolus

Answer 31

After alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs - cluster of grapes - site of gaseous exchange - MASSIVE surface area --> capillary beds

Question 32

_______ arrangement of capillary beds to allow blood to come into contact with air

Answer 32

Sponge-like

Question 33

Cell types of alveoli

Answer 33

- Type 1 pneumocyte - Type 2 pneumocyte: stem cell of the lung, reproduce type 1 when needed - -> thicker, active golgi, dome shaped - Brush cell: monitor air quality, open/shut alveolar spaces based on air chemistry - Macrophage

Question 34

Surfactant

Answer 34

Several proteins (A,B,C) that keep alveoli open

Question 35

Alveolar pores

Answer 35

Opening between adjacent alveolus to prevent trapping of air | - absent in cattle, so they are prone to developing emphesyma

Question 36

What is located between the air and RBC?

Answer 36

2 cells and a basement membrane | - endothelial cell and type 1 pneumocyte = both share a basement membrane

Question 37

Type 2 hyperplasia

Answer 37

Lose surface area and harder to get oxygen in and out due to increased distance (hypoxic)

Question 38

Pleura

Answer 38

- Simple squamous epithelium on a CT base - Visceral: directly touching the lung - Parietal: wall of the chest cavity, touching the ribs - Pleural space - Hilus

Question 39

Mediastinum

Answer 39

Intact: if you collapse one lung then the other will not be affected Continuous: both lungs will collapse