Urinary

Question 1

Renal system

Answer 1

• Homeostasis

- Endocrine

Question 2

Mammals/birds/marine fish

Answer 2

Concentration of nitrogenous waste = water conservation for osmosis

• salt water fist are hypotonic compared to their environment, so they are losing water
• fresh water fish are hypertonic to environment

Question 3

How does the urinary system contribute to homeostasis?

Answer 3

• water
• acid/base
• ions: Na, K, Po4, Cl, etc

Question 4

Urinary + endocrine system

Answer 4

• erythropoietin
• renin (NOT rennin)
• vitamin D

Question 5

Organs of the urinary system

Answer 5

• kidneys (usually paired)
• ureters
• bladder
• urethra
• cloaca (for some)

Question 6

Components of the kidney

Answer 6

• capsule
• parenchyma
• ureter

Question 7

Retroperioneal

Answer 7

Capsule on the outside is not apart of the peritoneum

- restricts its ability to swell

Question 8

Hilus

Answer 8

Space where everything enters/exits the kidney

• artery in
• vein/ureter out

Question 9

Parenchyma

Answer 9

• Cortex: outer layer
• Medulla: inner layer
• Pelvis: collecting space for fluids/urine to then enter the ureter –> immediately continuous with the ureter, NOT the urethra!

Question 10

Corticomedullary junction

Answer 10

Place where the cortex meets the medulla

Question 11

Nephron

Answer 11

Structural and functional unit
Renal corpuscle and tubular system
- glomerulus
- proximal convoluted tubule
- loop of henle
- distal convoluted tubule

Question 12

Loop of Henle

Answer 12

Extends into the medulla, and reenters the cortex as the distal convoluted tubule

Question 13

Is the collecting duct part of the nephron?

Answer 13

No, because one collecting duct serves multiple nephrons

- will not be able to see with a light microscope

Question 14

Lobes of the kidney and pyramid

Answer 14

Most embryologic

• some retained in maturity
• cattle have multiple lobes

Question 15

Medullary rays

Answer 15

Comparable to lobules

- way to separate parenchyma anatomically

Question 16

Lobule

Answer 16

Collecting duct + nephrons

Question 17

Renal Cortex structures

Answer 17

• renal corpuscles (glomeruli)
• proximal convoluted tubules
• distal convoluted tubules
• collecting tubules
• interstitium
• vessels

Question 18

Where are glomuerli found?

Answer 18

Only can be found in the cortex

Question 19

Salt concentration is ______ in the medulla

Answer 19

Higher, so water in the tubule gets sucked into the medulla to be saved

Question 20

Glomerulus

Answer 20

• Capillary tuft
• Basement membrane
• Podocytes
• Bowman’s capsule
• Mesangium

Question 21

Where does blood filtration occur?

Answer 21

Renal corpuscle (glomerulus)

Question 22

What is the only place in the body where an arteriole breaks into a capillary and reforms as an arteriole?

Answer 22

Renal corpuscle

Question 23

What is the barrier between the blood and urinary space?

Answer 23

Glomerulus basement membrane

Question 24

What are the main filtrating cells?

Answer 24

Podocytes

- interdigitate around capillary walls

Question 25

Bowman's capsule

Answer 25

Portion of renal system that surrounds capillary tuft

Question 26

Mesangium

Answer 26

Highly eosinophilic in the capillary tuft | - holds the blood vessels of the capillary

Question 27

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Answer 27

- portion of the distal convoluted tubule - macula densa - juxtaglomerular cells - extraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 28

Macula densa

Answer 28

Monitors sodium concentration in the fluid in the tubule | * fluid is not urine until it drops into the renal pelvis and is taken into the bladder

Question 29

Modified smooth muscle

Answer 29

Muscle knows to contract or relax based on sodium concentration

Question 30

Where is modified smooth muscle found?

Answer 30

Juxtaglomerular cells

Question 31

Proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 31

- cuboidal, "brush border" lined by microvili - tight junctions: want a water tight barrier - very active (mitochondria), basal striations - responsible for modifying fluid in the tubules - modify ultrafiltrate (proteins, glucose) - make up a large portion of the cortex

Question 32

Loop of Henle

Answer 32

- long limb/short limb - thin/thick segment - type 1-4 - squamous to cuboidal - highly permeable - microvili, organelles

Question 33

Medullary washout

Answer 33

If an animal drinks too much water, then the sodium concentration is washed out of the kidney and you lose water retention

Question 34

Long limb

Answer 34

Animals that are in water deprived environments | - kangaroo rats, cats

Question 35

Short limb

Answer 35

Beavers, animals in water excess environments

Question 36

Distal convoluted tubule

Answer 36

- Na (save) and K (clear) | - HCO3 (save) and NH4 (clear)

Question 37

What is in the cortex?

Answer 37

Glomeruli, proximal tubules, distal tubules, and some segments of collecting tubules

Question 38

Collecting tubules

Answer 38

- light cells/dark cells - single cilia, variable microvilli - some cells have a single cilia, others have microvili

Question 39

Medulla

Answer 39

- Henle/collecting tubules --> high solute concentration in the interstitium - Vasa Recta --> specialized capillaries that save extracted water

Question 40

When is fluid considered to be urine?

Answer 40

Only when fluid enters the renal pelvis is it considered urine - as long as you change the chemical concentration, it is not considered urine

Question 41

Renal pelvis

Answer 41

Can observe greatly | - renal pelvis outward is covered in transitional epithelium

Question 42

Blood supply and lymphatics

Answer 42

- renal artery and vein (25% Cardiac Output) | - arcuate vessels

Question 43

What follows heart failure

Answer 43

Renal failure

Question 44

Ureters/bladder/urethra

Answer 44

Transitional epithelium | - anatomic and gender differences

Question 45

Arcuate vessels

Answer 45

Renal artery branches into these vessels --> serve wedge shaped portion of renal cortex - reason for renal infarcs at the corticomedullary junction

Question 46

Female cattle

Answer 46

Urethra enters into the ventral floor of the vagina (short)

Question 47

Male cattle

Answer 47

Longer urethra - sigmoid flexure: allows for difficulty when passing a catheter - less prone to UTIs due to longer distance