Revision

Question 1

Name the 6 Steps in the Chain of Infection

Answer 1

1. Infectious Agent
2. Reservoir (habitat, where the infection grows)
3. Portal of Exit (how the infection travels)
4. Mode of Transmission (the way in which it travels)
5. Portal of Entry (the way the infection enters a new host)
6. Host

Question 2

What are the 7 Principles of Asepsis?

Answer 2

1. Sterile objects remain sterile when touched by other sterile objects
2. Only sterile objects are to be places within sterile field (2.5cm border)
3. Items held below waist level = unsterile
4. Sterile objects become contaminated via prolonged exposure to air
5. Wicking = when sterile field comes into contact w/ a wet, contaminated surface
6. Anything outside 2.5cm border = contaminated
7. Fluid flows in direction of gravity

Question 3

What are the 3 Dimensions?

Answer 3

1. Culture
2. Subculture
3. Individual Culture

Question 4

What are the 3 Aspects of ‘Culture’?

Answer 4

1. Social norms, values and behaviours
2. Laws
3. Social Rules

Question 5

What are the 4 Aspects of ‘Subculture’?

Answer 5

1. Religion
2. Social Class
3. Special Needs
4. Sexuality

Question 6

What are the 4 Aspects of ‘Individual Culture’?

Answer 6

1. Gender
2. Age
3. Education
4. Experience

Question 7

How many Stages of Pressure Injuries are there?

Answer 7

4

Question 8

Describe the First Stage of Pressure Injuries

Answer 8

Persistent, non-blanchable redness

Itchy, firm, boggy, warmer or cooler to touch

Question 9

Describe the Second Stage of Pressure Injuries

Answer 9

Partial thickness loss of dermis

Question 10

Describe the Third Stage of Pressure Injuries

Answer 10

Full thickness skin loss

Subcutaneous fat may be visible, yellow slough

Question 11

Describe the Fourth Stage of Pressure Injuries

Answer 11

Full thickness tissue loss

Exposed bone, tendon or muscle, yellow slough or black necrotic tissue

Question 12

Define “Dehiscence”

Answer 12

Partial or total separation of wound edges

Question 13

Define “Evisceration”

Answer 13

The uncontrolled exteriorisation of body contents via dehisced wound

Question 14

Define “Hypergranulation”

Answer 14

Excess tissue that fills wound bed more than required -> raised tissue mass

Question 15

Define “Hypertrophic Scars”

Answer 15

Red, thick, raised scar

Question 16

Define “Keloid Scars”

Answer 16

Shiny, raised scar

Question 17

Define “Contractures”

Answer 17

Occurs when burn scar matures, thickens and tightens

Question 18

Define “Haemorrhage”

Answer 18

Release of blood from broken blood vessel

Question 19

Define “Haematoma”

Answer 19

Abnormal collection of blood outside blood vessel

Question 20

Define “Fistula Formation”

Answer 20

When inflammation causes sores or ulcers to form on inside wall of intestines or nearby organs

Question 21

Define “Wound Infection”

Answer 21

When germs grow within damaged skin of wound

Question 22

What inference can be made when a patient needs a bowel alteration?

Answer 22

Future GIT problems

Question 23

What are 6 Common Bowel Problems?

Answer 23

1. Constipation
2. Impaction
3. Diarrhoea
4. Incontinence
5. Flatulence
6. Haemorrhoids

Question 24

Define “Constipation”

Answer 24

Decrease in frequency of bowel movements

Question 25

Define "Impaction"

Answer 25

Results from unrelieved constipation

Question 26

Define " Diarrhoea"

Answer 26

Increase in no. of stools and passage of unformed faeces

Question 27

Define "Incontinence"

Answer 27

Inability to control passage of faeces and gas to the anus

Question 28

Define "Flatulence"

Answer 28

Accumulation of gas in the intestines causing the walls to stretch

Question 29

Define "Haemorrhoids"

Answer 29

Dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum

Question 30

What are the 5 Key Principles of Waste Management?

Answer 30

1. Apt PPE 2. Apt infection control practices 3. Measuring/drainage containers 4. Description of waste 5. Documentation

Question 31

Define "Hypoxia"

Answer 31

The absence of adequate oxygen in tissue

Question 32

List 5 Signs and Symptoms of Hypoxia

Answer 32

1. Cyanosis 2. Clubbing 3. Disorientation 4. Behavioural Changes 5. Dizziness

Question 33

What are the 12 Activities involved in the ADL model?

Answer 33

1. Maintaining a safe environment 2. Communication 3. Breathing 4. Eating and drinking 5. Elimination 6. Washing and dressing 7. Thermoregulation 8. Mobilisation 9. Work and Play 10. Expressing sexuality 11. Sleeping 12. Death and dying

Question 34

What 5 things constitute a safe environment?

Answer 34

1. Basic needs are met 2. Physical hazards are reduced 3. Transmission of pathogens is reduced 4. Sanitation is maintained 5. Pollution is controlled

Question 35

What 4 things assist in effective communication with a patient?

Answer 35

1. Showing compassion 2. Building a rapport 3. Reacting appropriately 4. Correct body language