Rivers

Question 1

What is a water shed

Answer 1

Multiple drainage basins

Question 2

What is a drainage basin

Answer 2

Where water drains

Question 3

What are characteristics of the upper course

Answer 3

-vertical erosion due to high GOE
-v shaped valley
-steep gradient
-low velocity
-low discharge
-large angular rocks

Question 4

What are characteristics of the middle course

Answer 4

-less steep gradient
-more lateral erosion
-fairly high velocity
-fairly high discharge
-wider and deeper river channel

Question 5

Characteristics of the lower course

Answer 5

-gentle gradient
-meanders
-lots of lateral erosion
-high velocity
-high discharge

Question 6

What is a long profile

Answer 6

-shows the gradient of the river and the elevation change as it slopes towards the mouth of the river
-shows change in elevation

Question 7

What is a cross profile

Answer 7

Shows cross section of a rivers channel so you can see the shape of the land surrounding the river

Question 8

What is attrition

Answer 8

When ricks collide and Become smoother

Question 9

What is abrasion

Answer 9

When rocks scrape away at river banks and wear it down and causes vertical and lateral erosion due

Question 10

What is solution

Answer 10

When rocks are dissolved and therefore eroded through a reaction between the rock and water casing it to be broken down

Question 11

What is HA

Answer 11

When water compresses air into cracks in river banks and this change in pressure causes weakens the banks and erodes them

Question 12

What is traction

Answer 12

Transportation profess that rolls large boulders along the river bed and load that is carried this way is called the bed load

Question 13

What is saltation

Answer 13

Transportation process where small stones and pebbles are bounced along the river bed in line with the rise and fall of river velocity
-not small enough for suspended load ,nor big enough for bed load

Question 14

What is suspension

Answer 14

Transportation prices that happens to fine material like silt and are held up and carried within the rivers flow because they are light and are suspended

Question 15

What is solution

Answer 15

When rocks are dissolved and are carried in the solute load

Question 16

Why does velocity increase in middle coarse

Answer 16

More tributaries join which increase velocity and discharge

Question 17

Why does velocity increase in middle coarse

Answer 17

Less friction as sediment has been eroded

Question 18

How is a v shaped valley formed

Answer 18

-high GPE means vertical erosion
-river erodes vertically and sides get weaker due to weathering (freeze thaw,chemical rain,biological)
-sides of valley collapse so a v-shaped valley is formed

Question 19

How is rock eroded vertically

Answer 19

HA and abrasion

Question 20

Where do interlocking spurs form

Answer 20

Upper coarse

Question 21

How do interlocking spurs form

Answer 21

-river takes most efficient path
-if encountered hard rock it will flow around it and erode the soft rock as it requires less energy so can be eroded at a faster rate

Question 22

How are waterfalls and gorges made

Answer 22

-hard rock on top of soft rock and a sudden change in elevation
-plunge pool is formed due to HA and abrasion as GPE is high
-plunge pool expands due to erosion
-gravity pulls down hard rock into if soft wick and causes it to collapse into river
-repeats many times creating a waterfall and a gorge

Question 23

What happens on the inner bank of a meander

Answer 23

Rider flows slowly as it is shallower and deposits more sediment forming a slip off slope

Question 24

What happens on the outside bend if a meander

Answer 24

River cliff is formed as there is the fastest current

Question 25

What is the thalweg

Answer 25

Fastest current

Question 26

How is an oxbow lake formed

Answer 26

-sediment is deposited in inside bend -rapid erosion on outside bend -gap between arms of river narrows -river breaks through neck of meander -new efficient path is found so deposition occurs at meander bend and cuts it off forming an oxbow maker

Question 27

What is the floodplain

Answer 27

Where river floods after heavy rainfall

Question 28

How are levees formed

Answer 28

-silt deposits on flood plain -heaviest sediment deposits at channel edges as it is heaviest and cannot be supported by low velocity caused by vegetation -thin sediments deposited further away -each time the river floods banks build up more and more creating levees

Question 29

What are forms of input in the hydrological cycle

Answer 29

Precipitation

Question 30

What are formed of output in hydrological cycle

Answer 30

-transpiration -evaporation

Question 31

What are stored if water in hydrological cycle

Answer 31

-groundwater storage -soil water storage -interception by vegetation -surface storage-rivers,lakes,sea

Question 32

What are forms of transfer in hydrological cycle

Answer 32

-Groundwater flow -surface flow -infiltration -percolation -stem flow -through flow

Question 33

What is stem flow

Answer 33

Flow of water down stems of vegetation

Question 34

What is infiltration

Answer 34

Water travelling through soil

Question 35

What is through flow

Answer 35

Water flowing to the surface on top of rock and underneath soil

Question 36

What is surface flow

Answer 36

Water travelling on surface of ground to surface storage

Question 37

What is percolation

Answer 37

Water travelling through permeable rocks

Question 38

What is ground water flow

Answer 38

Water travelling in tip of saturated or impermeable rocks

Question 39

What is ground water storage

Answer 39

Water stored on top of impermeable rocks and underneath permeable rocks

Question 40

What is soil water storage

Answer 40

Water stored on top of rocks and underneath soil

Question 41

How does vegetation cover affect flood risk

Answer 41

-affect how much water is intercepted and flows towards river channels

Question 42

How does soil type affect flood risk

Answer 42

-permeable soils that are very porous allow for lots of infiltration and allow water to seep between gaps -impermeable soils like clay decreases infiltration so more surface runoff

Question 43

How does antecedent rainfall affect flood risk

Answer 43

How much rain in previous days affects flood risk as it impacts soil saturation

Question 44

How does slope and gradient affect flood risk

Answer 44

Steeper gradient causes more surface runoff -flats gradient means water can infiltrate into soil

Question 45

What is lag time

Answer 45

Time difference between peak rainfall and peak discharge if river

Question 46

What is peak rainfall

Answer 46

Highest period of rainfall

Question 47

What is peak discharge

Answer 47

Maximum dish charge in the river

Question 48

What is the rising limb

Answer 48

Rising flood water in river

Question 49

What is the falling limb

Answer 49

Falling flood water in the river

Question 50

What is base flow

Answer 50

Normal flow of river