Schema theory

Question 1

Define initial conditions

Answer 1

• Information from the environment.

Question 2

Define the response specification

Answer 2

• Information about what to do.

Question 3

Define recall schema

Answer 3

Initiates movement, comes before the action.

Question 4

Define recognition schema

Answer 4

• Controls movement, happens during the action.

Question 5

Define the sensory consequences

Answer 5

• Information about the feel of movement.

Question 6

Define the response outcome

Answer 6

• Feedback about the results.

Question 7

What is a schema?

Answer 7

• Schimt argued that the LTM is not big enough to store every pre planned movement.
• Schema theory suggest that rather than using a structured set of movements to develop a skill, the core principles are taken from existing motor programmes.
• Schemas are generalised motor programmes that can be adapted to suit different situations.
• When learning new skills we basically recall stored schemas and modify them to suit the new skill.

Question 8

Parameters of a schema

Answer 8

• A schema is used to adapt an existing programme and draw together information.

These 4 processes are spilt into 2 categories:
1. Recall schema
2. Recognition schema

Question 9

Define recall schema

Answer 9

• Information is used from the motor programme in the memory system. It initiates movement and comes before the action.

Question 10

Define recognition schema

Answer 10

• Controls the movement and happens during the action.

Question 11

Recall schema (2 processes)

Answer 11

1. Initial conditions:
   - Info from the sporting environment is recognised.
   - Information about whether you have been in this situation or similar before.
   - What can you see/hear/feel/what’s happening?
2. Response specification:
   - Based on the initial conditions, you decide what movement/ action to perform.
   - Ideal response selected based on past experiences and initial condition interpretation.
   - What should I do?

Question 12

Recognition schema (2 processes)

Answer 12

3. Sensory consequences:
   - Concern the use of senses to help guide the movement.
   - Information from the senses is used to control and apply the movement to the situations- for a longer pass you would need a stronger action and grip.
   - How it felt?
4. Response outcome:
   - Comparison and actual intended outcome.
   - This is where the schema and the motor programme can be updated by getting KOR.
   - Feedback about result.
   - If the pass was successful, the schema has been successful.
   - What happened?

Question 13

Developing successful schemas

Answer 13

• Ensure practice is varied to build a range of experience.
• Ensure practice skills are transferable from training to the game situation.
• Give feedback to continuously improve skills.
• Give praise and positive reinforcement.

Question 14

Novice

Answer 14

• Sometimes it is not possible to use a schema.
• A novice might not have developed a motor programme which can then be adapted.