Cellular respiration def:
a process where glucose is broken down to release energy in the form of ATP!
Glycolysis
first step of cellular resperation, happens for both aerobic and anarobic resperation
difference between anarobic and aerobic resperation
Anarobic respiration occurs without the use/presence of oxygen while aerobic occurs with oxygen present
what are the inputs of glycolosis
glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+(this tells u its gonna be a redox reactions)
outputs of Gylcolosis;
2 peruvates, and 2 NADH, 4 ATPs, (net value of 2)
explain the steps of gylcolosis
step one: glucose is broken in half using the 2 ATPS, (breaks down into 2 PGALS)
step 2: The PGAL is being oxidized, a redox reaction occurs, in which NAD+ is being reduced, picking up the electron, and forming NADH,
Step 3: the molecules are converted in peruvates, and 4 atp molecules are produced. If oxygen is present it will continue t the citric acid cycle, if not it is followed by fermentation.
Two types of fermentation:
Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation
=done by yeast and bacteria—-the produces are ethyl alcohol, 2 carbon compound, and carbon dioxide.
Lactic acid fermentation
(acid causes the muscles to feel pain.) aerobic resperation, 36-38 ATP is produced)(lactic acid only produces 2)(lower pH interphherse with the muscles.)
FERMENTATION (EXPLAIN PHOTOS)
phases of aerobic
glycolosis, Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain and
Chemiosmosis
how much atp is produced in each step of cellular respiration
Glycolysis: net gain of 2 ATP (4 total produced)
Pyruvate Oxidation & citric acid: Produces 2 ATP (or 2 GTP) directly. Additionally, it generates 8 NADH
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) & Oxidative: approximately 26 to 34 ATP, using the NADH and
generated in earlier steps.
how many steps in cellular respiration:
three main stages: Glycolysis, (Citric Acid Cycle), and the Electron Transport Chain
steps in Photosynthesis:
light dependent, and light independent(Calvin cycle)
Location of all steps of cellular resperation:
glycolosis: cellular membrane
citric acid cycle: matrix
Electron transport chain, and chemosmosis: occurs in the innermembrane/cristae
CITRIC ACID CYCLE ONLY DONE BY
EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS>
what step occurs before citric acid cycle
preparatory step
prepetory step:
takes 2 pyruvates from glycolysis 2 carbon dioxides released from this process; making acetate, then a redux reaction occurs turning NAD+ to NADH, that is then combind with 2 coenzyme A molecules that turn into acetyl CoA.
what is midochondiron made up of
-2 membranes, outer and inner,
-intermembrane space
-ribosomes,
-cristae
-matrix
citric acid cycle steps 1-3
step 1: 2 carbons part of acetyl coA, combvine with 4 carbon compound to form 6 carbon citriate.
Step 2: breaking of a carbon forming carbon dioxide (now left w 5 carbon compound) here the citriate is oxygdized and NAD+ is reduced.
Step 3: same thing, where a carbon molecule breaks of forming a 4 carbon compound and co2 and another redux reaction occurs.
Step 4: production of ATP since removal of phosphate which allows another redux reaction.
Step 5. C4 oxidized and FAD reduced to FADH2. then ANOTHER redux reaction occurs, (different meleculerly but still 4 carbon compound.) then we are left with original 4 carbon compound.
what is the products of citric acid cycle (per peruvate)
4 NADH’s (one from prep step), 1 ATP, 3 carbon dioxide molecules
(including from prep step), and one FADH2
THIS IS DOUBLED FOR GLUCOSE
step 4 and 5 of citric acidc cycle
Step 4: production of ATP since removal of phosphate which allows another redux reaction.
Step 5. C4 oxidized and FAD reduced to FADH2. then ANOTHER redux reaction occurs, (different meleculerly but still 4 carbon compound.) then we are left with original 4 carbon compound.
electron transport cchain
step 1: all 10 nadh’s give up electrons to protein releasing NAD+, same thing happens too 2 FADH2s turns into FAD.(different protein farther down).
step 2: electrons passed through redux reactions in proteins making them loose a little energy.
all to make a concentration gradient. from intermembrane space into cristae.
what protein allows H_ ions through channle
ATP synthase.
