science

Question 1

Gregor Mendel

Answer 1

discovered the basics of genetics.
1842 – Enters monastery
Background of mathematics and science
Had a small garden
Studied Pea plants

Question 2

Mendel’s Methods: how many characteristics did he study?

Answer 2

Seven characteristics each with two contrasting traits.

Question 3

Pollination

Answer 3

pollen grain goes from the male anther and lands onto female stigma

Question 4

Anthers

Answer 4

This is the top part of the male strcture (part that produces pollen grains, their also sperm?

Question 5

Stigma

Answer 5

top of the female structure.

Question 6

Cross-pollination

Answer 6

pollen goes from the flower of one plant and lands on the flower of another plant.

Question 7

self pollination

Answer 7

Since they are perfect flowers, they have both the male and female strucures, so they are able to self pollinate.

Question 8

Perfect flower:

Answer 8

Type of flower that has both the male and female structure in the flower. Perfect flowers are capable of self pollination, which also means their offspring are genetically identical

Question 9

What is the product of cross pollination

Answer 9

hybrids.

Question 10

Allele

Answer 10

possibility of trait. Each parent donates one allele to their offspring.

Question 11

Principal of dominance

Answer 11

YOUR PHENOTYPE (physical appearance) IS DETERMINDED BY YOUR GENOTYPE.

Question 12

Law of Segregation

Answer 12

the two alleles will seperate during the formation of the gammetes.

Question 13

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 13

“The inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of another trait” Mendel

Question 14

mendalian

Answer 14

A trait is controlled by a single gene, that gene has two possible alleles, with 3 possible genotypes, with 2 possible phenotypes.

Question 15

What three laws did Mendel create/prove:

Answer 15

Principle of Dominance,
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent Assortment

Question 16

Dihybrid

Answer 16

An organism that is heterozygous for both of two traits, with another organism that is heterozygous for both of two traits. (EX: BbCc, with BbCc) mating two individuals who are identically heterozygous for two distinct traits

Question 17

Monohybrid=

Answer 17

a genetic mating between two organisms that investigates the inheritance pattern of a single, specific trait

Question 18

Genetic Disorders Caused by Single Allele: Dominant

Answer 18

Huntington’s disease

Polydactyly

Marfan’s Syndrome

Question 19

Genetic Disorders Caused by Single Allele: Recesive

Answer 19

Albinism

Cystic fibrosis

Phenylketonuria

Tay-Sachs

Sickle Cell Disease

Question 20

SIMILARTYS BETWEEN, MENDELLEAN, CODOMINANCE, AND INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE:

Answer 20

ONLY ONE GENE CONTROLS ALL TRAITS
ONLY TWO POSSIBLE ALLENES PER TRAIT.
3 POSSIBLE GENOTYPES

Question 21

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MENDELEAN CODOMINCANCE AND INCOMPLETE:

Answer 21

2 PHENOTYPES FOR MENDELEAN, 3 PHENOTYPES FOR INCOMPLETE AND CODOMINANCE.

Question 22

genotype

Question 23

phenotype

Question 24

codominance

Answer 24

When heterozygous offspring contain both traits that are dominant so they both show, (this time seperate, ex: red flower+ white flower= flower with both red and white pedals)

Question 25

incomplete dominance

Answer 25

When heterozygous offspring contain a mix of two traits together (white flower+ red flower=pink flower)

Question 26

multiple alleles

Answer 26

more than two possible alleles. Still comes from one gene. Number of phenotypes equal to number of alleles

Question 27

polygenic inheritance

Answer 27

means multiple genes

Question 28

who studied fruit flies

Answer 28

Thomas hunt Morgan

Question 29

Thomas hunt Morgan

Answer 29

Discovered some traits are inherited together (ex: normal color of eyes is red. There is a simple non-lethal mutation where their eyes are white. HE ALSO SAW IT WAS MOSTLY MALES WITH WHITE EYES.)(this means the eye color gene was on the sex chromosome) Genes on the same chromosome are linked= gene linkage. They are inherited together

Question 30

How does our understanding of meiosis challenge mendel?

Answer 30

previous statement of independent assortment was disproven. Its sot genes that are assorting independently but chromosomes, and if genes are on the same chromosome their often inherited together?

Question 31

updated def for independent assortment

Answer 31

When traits are on separate chromosomes they will be inherited separately, when trait are on the same chromosome they are linkeda and often inherited together, unless they cross over in prophase one.

Question 32

why did mendel get it wrong?

Answer 32

Mendel got it wrong since he had no acknowledgement of chromosomes, and the seven traits he studied were all on different chromosomes.

Question 33

How can genes on the same chromosome be inherited separately?

Answer 33

When crossing over takes place in prophase one!

Question 34

Male vs Female sex traits. what does the Y chromsome do.

Answer 34

Y TRAIT IS ONLY SEX DETERMINATION

Question 35

Hemophelia

Answer 35

cannot make factor 8, dont have that clotting factor. Different from sex influenced traits

Question 36

Muscular dystrophy

Answer 36

sex linked recessive allele with protein not being produced. Color-blindness

Question 37

autosomal trait

Question 38

Karyotype

Answer 38

: shows the gender and the amount of chromosomes

Question 39

NONDISJUNCTION

Answer 39

failure of chromosomes to separate

Question 40

nonjunction mieosis 1 vs 2

Answer 40

If nonjunction happens in meiosis one than theres two gametes with 3 chromosomes, and 2 with 1 If nonjunction happens in meiosis two than their is one gamete with 3, one with 1, and 2 with two

Question 41

Trisomy

Answer 41

means three chromosomes where their should be two

Question 42

Monosomy

Answer 42

1 chromosome where their should be two

Question 43

Polyploidy

Answer 43

more than two sets of chromosomes.

Question 44

only monosmy that can live

Answer 44

Turner syndrome: They have only ONE sex chromosome (X). They are female, with little differences only maybe in puberty. Most gerastic symtom is that they are sterile,

Question 45

KLINEFELTER’s SYNDROME

Answer 45

a case of trisomy involving the sex chromosomes. (XXY) often looks very typical but is also sterile and can’t have children.

Question 46

Barr bodies

Answer 46

Inactive X chromosome.(Happens when there is more than one X chromosome. predominantly occurs in females, what happens is only ONE X is activated,

Question 47

Chromosomal mutations

Answer 47

Insertion, Deletion, Inversion, Translocation

Question 48

insertion and deletion definitions:

Answer 48

Insertion: a duplicated gene on its homologous chromosome. (ex: one has no A gene, other chromosome has two A gene) Deletion: because of improper crossing over, a gene is lost(deleted) usually a duplicate on its homologous chromosome.

Question 49

Inversion, Translocation defintions

Answer 49

Inversion: if crossing over takes place they could be reinserted in the reverse orientation. (ex: normal=a,b,c,d. inversion=a,b,d,c) Translocation: when there is crossing over between non-homologous chromosomes.

Question 50

what do all chromosomal mutations have in common? (insertion, deletion, inversion, translocation)

Answer 50

almost always made by a mistake in crossing over Impacts genes on the chromosome and impacts will vary

Question 51

IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER> this is the fuh ass body paragraph about how the discovery of genetics changed over time

Answer 51

Starts with mendels work with pea plants where he discoveres the 3 laws, (define them) in the end finding out about autosomal genetics. Next we found out about incomplete dominance and codomianc (define them) which disproved the previous mendelian statement (each trait is defined by one gene which has 3 possible genotypes, and 2 mossible genotypes.) next there was the discovery of multiple alleles (give example and def) along with polygenic traits (define and example) we changed mendles law of independent assortment when we found chainlinked inheritance, and then sex linked inheritance which proved that some traits have a higher chance of being inheritated together, (more chromosomal) environment can play role, along with nutrition and behavior. Nondisjuntion can also play a role within chromosome and barr bodies, and mistakes with crossing over.