What are the four eukaryotic kingdoms?
Animalia
Fungi
Plantae
Protista
What are some characteristics that define the kingdoms?
A. The number of cells the organism is made of.
- unicellular, colonial (organism made of many cells that are integrated together but can exist independently) or multicellular (made up of more than one cell and cells do specialized functions and can’t survive on their own)
B. Can they make their own food or do they have to obtain it from the environment?
- autotrophic (make their own food) or heterotrophic (eat other organism)
C. Cell walls or no cell walls
D. How do they disperse
What is the difference between cells that are colonial or multicellular?
Colonial: an organism made of many cells that are integrated together but can exist independently
Mullticellular: an organism made up of more than one cell and cells do specialized functions and can’t survive on their own
What are some characteristics of kingdom Animalia?
A. Multicellular
B. Heterotrophic
C. No cell walls
D. Are motile for the most of their life
What are some characteristics of kingdom Fungi?
A. Some unicellular (yeast), some multicellular
B. Heterotrophic
C. Cell wall made of chitin
D. Use spores to disperse: cells that are capable of forming a new organism on their own once released
What are some characteristics of kingdom Plantae?
A. Multicellular
B. Autotrophic
C. Cell walls made of cellulose
D. Are embryophytes: the zygote is surrounded and protected by maternal tissues -> released as a seed or a spore
What are some characteristics of kingdom Protista?
A. Some are unicellular, some are colonial
B. Some are autotrophic, some are heterotrophic, some do both
C. Some have cell walls and some don’t
D. Disperse in many different ways
What are some characteristics of major animal phyla?
- How many tissue layers in an embryo (0, 2, 3)
- Kind of symmetry (no symmetry, radial or bilateral)
- Which embryonic opening becomes the mouth (protosome or deuterostome)
- Cephalization or no cephalization (sense organs and neurons concentrated at the front of the organism)
- Type of digestive system (none, sac-like gastrovascular cavity or a complete tube-like digestive tract)
- Body plan (none, a pseudocoelom or a coelom)
Class the 9 major animal phyla by their quantites of tissue layers in an embryo.
- 0: 1) Sponges (porifera)
- 2: 2) Cnidarians (cnidaria)
- 3: 3) Flatworms (platyhelminthes), 4) Annelids (annelida), 5) Mollusks (mollusca), 6) Roundworms (nemotoda), 7) Arthropods (arthropoda), 8) Echinoderms (echinodermata), 9) Chordates (chordata)
Class the 9 major animal phyla by their kind of symmetry.
- No symmetry: 1) Sponges (porifera)
- Radial symmetry: 2) Cnidarians (chidaria)
- Bilateral symmetry: 3) Flatworms (platyhelminthes), 4) Annelids (annelida), 5) Mollusks (mollusca), 6) Roundworms (nemotoda), 7) Arthropods (arthropoda), 8) Echinoderms (echinodermata), 9) Chordates (chordata)
Class the 9 major animal phyla by which opening becomes the mouth.
Begin by describing the possibilities
Protostome: 3) Flatworms (platyhelminths), 4) Annelids (annelida), 5) Mollusks (mollusca), 6) Roundworms (nemotoda), 7) Arthropods (arthropoda)
Deuterostome: 8) Echinoderms (echinodermata), 9) Chordates (chrodata)
only phylas that are bilateral
Protostomes: when the first opening becomes the mouth and the second. the anus.
Deuterostome: when the second opening becomes the mouth and the first one, the anus
Separate the 9 major animal phyla by if they have cephalization or not.
Start by defining cephalization
Cephalization: 3) Flatworms (platyhelminthes), 4) Annelids (annelida), 5) Mollusks (mollusca), 6) Roundworms (nemotoda), 7) Arthropods (arthopoda), 8) Echinoderms (echinodermata), 9) Chordates (chordata)
No cephalization: 1) Sponges (porifera), 2) Cnidarians (cnidaria)
(pair with bilateral symmetry)
Cephalization: sense organs and neurons concentrated at the front of the organism.
Separate the 9 major animal phyla by their type of digestive systems.
Begin with describing each different types.
None: 1) Sponges (porifera)
Sac-like gastrovascular cavity: 2) Cnidarians (cnidaria), 3) Flatworms (platyhelminthes)
Complete tube-like digestive tract: 4) Annelids (annelida), 5) Molluskas (molluscs), 6) Roundworms (nemotoda), 7) Arthropods (arthropoda), 8) Echinoderms (echinodermata), 9) Chordates (chordata)
Sac-like gastrovascular cavity: food gets in the organism by the same entry as the waste. It goes in a sac-like and gets digested there.
Complete tube-like digestive tract: food enters through one opening and leaves through another one.
Separate the 9 major animal phyla by their body plan.
Begin with defining each different body plans
None: 1) Sponges (porifera), 2) Cnidarians (cnidaria), 3) Flatworms (platyhelminthes)
Pseudocoelom: 6) Roundworms (nemotoda)
Coelom: 4) Annelids (annelida), 5) Mollusks (mollusca), 7) Arthropods (arthropoda), 8) Echinoderms (echinodermata), 9) Chordates (chordata)
None: digestive tract is surrounded by organs and tissues.
Pseudocoelom: Tube-like digestive tract is partially surrounded by a special tissue called the pseudocoelom.
Coelom: Tube-like digestive system is fully surrounded by special tissue called the coelom. The tube is supported by special mesentery tissue. True of most bilaterally symmetrical animals.
What are the 4 major plant clades? And what is their closest evolutionary ancestor?
1) Bryophytes = mosses, etc.
2) Seedless vascular plants = ferns, etc.
3) Gymnosperms = ginkos, conifers, etc.
4) Angiosperms = flowering plants
Closest evolutionary ancestor = green algae ( a protist)
BRYtanny SEEs GYnA
What is the key derived character of bryophytes?
Give examples of bryophytes plants
No vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients
No seeds
mosses, liverworts, hornworts
What are the key characteristics of seedless vascular plants?
Give examples of seedless vascular plants
Have vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients around the body
No seeds
ferns, other mosses
What are the key derived characters of gymnosperms?
Give example of gymnosperms plants
Use pollen, but don’t have flowers
Have seeds but not stored in a fruit
conifers, cycads, ginkos
What are the key derived characters of angiosperms.
Give an example of an angiosperms plant
Use flowers to attract pollinators, which helps them spread the pollen
Have seeds and store them in a fruit
flowering plants
What are the names of the five major fungi clades?
- Chytrids
- Zygote fungi
- Glomeromycetes
- Sac fungi
- Club fungi
CHit Zirai Golfer SAns Ca
What are the names of the 5 supergroups of eukaryotes.
- Opisthokonts
- Amoebozoans
- Archaeplastids
- SAR supergroup
- Excavates
In which supergoup of eukaryotes are found animals and fungi, and plants
Animals and fungi: Opisthokonts
Plants: Archaeplastids
Which kind of protists are the closest relatives of animals? What about the closest relatives of plants?
Animals: Choanoflagellates
Plants: Charophyte algae
