1
Q
What is the first stage of motor skill
development?
A
During stage 1 (cognitive), you may need to use simple instructions
and break down the skill into smaller steps so your clients will be
able to understand the goals of the movement
2
Q
What is the second stage of motor development?
A
During stage 2 (associative), you may need to help refine your
clients’ skills through practice and regular feedback
3
Q
What is the third stage of motor development?
A
During stage 3 (autonomous), you may be able to teach your clients
new versions of the skill to further challenge them
4
Q
What is inside each vertebra?
A
An intervertebral disc that acts as a shock absorber and
assists with movement.
5
Q
What do osteokinematics describe?
A
Bone movement
6
Q
What do arthrokinematics describe?
A
Movement at the joint surface
7
Q
How many bones are in the human body and how many are voluntary movement?
A
206 bones and 177 are voluntary movement
8
Q
What bones are in the axial system?
A
Skull, rib cage and vertebral column-80 bones
9
Q
What bones are in the appendicular column?
A
Arms, legs, and pelvic girdle- 126 bones
10
Q
Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue?
A
Osteoclasts
11
Q
Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue?
A
Osteoblasts
12
Q
What bones are Long, cylindrical shaft with irregular or widened ends?
A
Humerus (i.e., the upper arm
bone)
Femur (i.e., the thigh bone)
13
Q
What bones are similar in length and width and appear somewhat cubical in
shape?
A
Carpals of the wrist
Tarsals of the ankle
14
Q
What bones are thin, protective surfaces that provide broad surfaces for muscles to attach?
A
Scapulae (i.e., the shoulder
blades)
Sternum (i.e., the breast plate)
Ribs
15
Q
What bones are unique shape and function from all other bone types?
A
Vertebrae (i.e., the spinal
column)
16
Q
What bones are small, often round bones embedded in a joint capsule or
found in locations where a tendon
passes over a joint?
A
Patella
17
Q
Flattened or indented portions of bone are called what?
A
Depression
18
Q
Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach?
A
Processes
19
Q
First seven vertebrae starting at the top of the spinal
column
Form a flexible framework and provide support and motion
for the head. Which vertebral column is this?
A
Cervical spine
(C1–C7)
20
Q
Twelve vertebrae located in the upper and middle back
behind the ribs
Each vertebra articulates with a rib helping form the rear
anchor of the rib cage
Larger than cervical vertebrae and increase in size from top
to bottom. Which vertebral column is this?
A
Thoracic spine
(T1–T12)
21
Q
Five vertebrae of the low-back below the thoracic spine
Largest segments in the spinal column
Support most of the body’s weight and are attached to many back muscles. Which vertebral column is this?
A
Lumbar spine
(L1–L5)
22
Q
Triangular bone located below the lumbar spine
Composed of five vertebrae that fuse together as the body develops into adulthood. Which vertebral column is this?
A
Sacrum
23
Q
Located below the sacrum, more commonly known as the
tailbone
Composed of three to five small fused bones. Which vertebral column is this?
A
Coccyx
24
Q
Movement of a limb that is visible?
A
Osteokinematics
25
The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin?
Arthrokinematics
26
A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to
side is what?
Nonaxial
27
s Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure is what?
Nonsynovial joints
28
Which electrolyte and neurotransmitter are involved in the excitation-contraction coupling process?
Electrolyte- Calcium
Neurotransmitter- Acetylcholine
29
Muscles involved with fine motor skills have motor units with fewer what?
innervated fibers
30
Muscle fibers are smaller in size, produce less force, and are fatigue
resistant
Type 1 muscles fibers (Slow Twitch)
31
Muscle fibers are larger in size, produce more force, and fatigue
quickly
Type 2 muscle fibers (Fast Twitch)
32
Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle, commonly referred to as the “deep fascia
Epimysium
33
Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle. Fascicles are surrounded by
perimysium
Fascicles
34
Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle
Perimysium
35
Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a
fascicle
Endomysium
36
What connects muscles to bones?
Tendons
When a tendon is overstretched or torn, this is known as a
strain
37
What connects bones to bones?
Ligaments
A commonly discussed ligament is
the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee that connects the tibia to
the femur
When a ligament is overstretched or torn, it is known as a
sprain.
38
The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril
Myofibrils
39
The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin
Myofilaments
40
The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce
muscular contraction
Actin
41
The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular
contraction
Myosin
42
The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines
Sarcomere
43
What does the conduction system of the heart begin with?
The SA node- Right atrium
(Pace maker)- Sends signal to atrioventricular node then to ventricles
44
Does the right atrium gather oxygenated blood or deoxygenated blood?
deoxygenated blood- returning to the heart from body and then sends it to right ventricle to be pumped out to the rest of the body
45
Does the left atrium gather oxygenated blood or deoxygenated blood?
Oxygenated blood from the lungs then sends to left ventricle to be pumped out into the body
46
What does the pulmonary artery transport?
Deoxygenated blood from the right ventricles to the lungs
47
What does the pulmonary vein transport?
Pulmonary vein transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the
left atrium.
48
What is stroke volume?
Amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction
49
Volume of blood in the ventricle prior to contraction is called what?
End diastolic volume
50
Amount of blood present in the ventricle after contraction is called what?
End systolic volume
50
Ultimately a product of end-diastolic volume minus end-systolic
volume is called what?
Stroke volume
51
Volume of blood pumped out of the heart in a minute and is a
function of both heart rate and stroke volume is called what?
Cardiac output
52
Expiratory ventilation relies on secondary muscles to compress the thoracic cavity and force air out, this happens during what kind of breathing?
Forced or heavy breathing
53
What breathing patterns will affect exercise performance and what are they identified as?
Abnormal breathing patterns
Shallow breaths- associated with the use of secondary respiration muscles (sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, or scalenes)
54
What is lipolysis responsible for?
Growth and Development and produced from the pituitary gland
55
What is the most potent anabolic hormones?
insulin-like growth factor, which is
produced by the liver in response to growth hormones binding on liver receptors
56
What functions does the Thyroid hormone serve?
Metabolism and increasing bone mineral density through the secretion of calcitonin
57
What does the digestive system consist of?
Oral cavity (head and mouth), the upper GI system (stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), and the lower GI tract (large
intestine, rectum, and anus), as well as the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas.
58
What does the small intestine absorb?
Carbohydrates, lipids, calcium,
amino acids, and iron.
Electrolytes and water
59
What does the large intestine absorb?
Electrolytes and vitamins
60
How is blood flown through the heart?
1. Right atrium: receives deoxygenated blood returning from the body and sends it to the right ventricle.
2. Right ventricle: receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and sends it to the lungs.
3. Left atrium: receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it to the left ventricle.
4. Left ventricle: receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and sends it to the body
61
The overall performance of the heart (heart rate × stroke volume).
Cardiac output
62
Small veins that allows blood to drain from capillaries into the larger veins
Venules
63
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats is called what?
Gluconeogenesis
64
Anabolic hormone produced by the liver, which is responsible for growth and development is called what?
Insulin-like growth factors
(IGF)
65
Observable movement of a limb is called what?
Osteokinematic
66
Movement taking place at the joint itself is called what?
Arthrokinematic
67
What is the sagittal plane? And what are the movements?
Bisects the body into right and left sides
Movement includes flexion and extension and plantar flexion and dorsiflexion of foot and ankle
68
What is the frontal plane? And what are the movements?
Bisects the body to create front and back halves
Movements in the frontal plane that include abduction and adduction of the limbs, lateral flexion of the spine, and eversion and inversion at the foot and ankle complex
69
What is the transverse plane? And what are the movements?
Bisects the body to create upper and lower halves
Movements include internal rotation and external rotation for the limbs, right and left rotation for the head and trunk, horizontal abduction and horizontal adduction of the limbs, radioulnar pronation and supination
70
Motions of the scapulae include scapular retraction, scapular protraction, scapular
depression, and scapular elevation.
Scapular retraction, protraction, depression and elevation
71
What can isotonic muscles be broken down into?
Concentric and eccentric phrases
72
Movements that anchor the body to the ground or immovable object is open or closed chain?
Closed chain
Ex-
Push-ups
Pull-ups
Squats
Lunges
73
Movements that involves the distal limb moving freely is open or closed chain?
Open chain
Ex-
Biceps curls
Lat pulldowns
Bench presses
Leg curls
Leg extensions
74
Describe muscles that work in a synergistic function around a joint, what is this term called?
Force couple
75
What muscular system involves muscles that generally attach on or near the spine and provide stability for the LPHC?
Local muscular system
76
What muscular system is broken down into subsystems, which include the deep longitudinal, posterior oblique, anterior oblique, and lateral subsystems?
Global muscular system
77
Relatively closer to the midline of the body is what term?
Medial
78
Relatively farther away from the midline or toward the outside of the body is what term?
Lateral
79
Positioned on the opposite side of the body is what term?
Contralateral
80
Positioned on the same side of the body, is what term?
Ipsilateral
81
Positioned nearest to the center of the body or other identified reference point, is what term?
Proximal
82
Positioned farthest from the center of the body or other identified reference point, is what term?
Distal
83
Flexion occurring at the ankle (i.e., top of the foot moves toward the shin), is called what term?
Dorsiflexion
84
Extension occurring at the ankle. Pointing the foot downwards, is called what term?
Plantarflexion
85
Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion, is what type of muscle action?
Isotonic- divided into concentric and eccentric muscle actions
86
Muscle tension is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint, is what type of muscle action?
Isometric
87
The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force
exerted.
It requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in
rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories
Isokinetic
88
The primary muscles providing force for a movement, is called what?
Agonist
The gluteus maximus is the agonist for hip extension (i.e., squats).
The anterior deltoid is the agonist for shoulder flexion (i.e., shoulder presses).
The biceps brachii is the agonist for elbow flexion (i.e., biceps curls).
The triceps brachii is the agonist for elbow extension( i.e., triceps pushdowns).
89
Muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement, is called what?
Synergists
The hamstring complex and the erector spinae are synergistic with the gluteus
maximus during hip extension (i.e., squats)
The brachioradialis and brachialis (forearm muscles) assist the biceps brachii during a biceps curl.
The triceps brachii assist the pectoral muscles during a chest press.
The biceps brachii assist the latissimus dorsi during a pull-up.
90
Muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist
muscles, is called what?
Antagonists
The biceps brachii (an elbow flexor) is an antagonist to the triceps brachii during
elbow extension (i.e., triceps pushdown).
During elbow flexion, the triceps become the antagonist to the biceps (i.e.,
biceps curl).
The hip flexor complex is antagonistic to the gluteus maximus during hip
extension (i.e., squats).
The latissimus dorsi is antagonistic to the deltoids during a shoulder press.
91
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length, is called what?
Length- tension relationship
92
When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce, is called what?
Altered length tension relationship
93
When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen, is called what?
Reciprocal inhibition
94
Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist
Altered reciprocal inhibition
95
The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint, is called what?
Force couple relationships
96
Free fatty acids broken down in an aerobic or anaerobic pathway to create ATP?
Aerobic pathway
97
What process are amino acids metabolized?
Oxidative phosphorylation
98
How and why are Ketone bodies produced in the body?
Produced by the liver during periods of low energy intake or low carbohydrate availability.
Can be oxidized- oxidative phosphorylation pathway to create ATP
99
What is the ATP-PC pathway system?
An energy system that provides energy very rapidly, for approximately 10–15
seconds, via anaerobic metabolism.
ATP-PC system include:
o Short sprints
o Olympic weightlifting
o Jumping and plyometrics
100
What kind of process is glycolysis?
A metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol of a cell that converts glucose
into pyruvate and ATP.
Anaerobic glycolysis refers to when this process occurs in the absence of oxygen.
Lasts approximately 30 to 60 seconds of duration
Glycolytic system include:
o Strength training (8-12 repetitions) anaerobic conditions
101
What is the Oxidative phosphorylation process?
Process that uses oxygen to convert food substrates into ATP.
Carbs, fat, protein
Aerobic process- needs oxygen
oxidative system include:
*Jogging and running for an extended period
Oxidative metabolism- Produces CO2 as a byproduct- then exhaled
102
What does the body shift to when breathing rate becomes too rapid to allow talking?
Carbohydrates to fuel the activity- oxidizing
103
What do lower intensity exercises use a higher percentage of?
Fat as fuel but don't burn as much calories unless performed for a longer period of time
104
How many Amino Acids are there and can the body produce them on its own?
9 and must be obtained through died, body does not make them
105
A series of protein complexes that transfer protons and electrons received from the citric acid cycle through a series of reactions to create adenosine
triphosphate, is called what?
ETC- Electron Transport Chain
106
What are Polysaccharides?
Long chains of complex carbohydrates- slower to digest and raise blood sugar slowly
NASM
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