What does food processing involve? (4)
- Ingestion
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Elimination
What are types of ingestion? (4)
- Filter feeding
- Substrate feeding
- Fluid feeding
- Bulk feeding
What is filter feeding?
Ingestion of small particles suspended in the water.
How does filter feeding work?
Water is swept over mouth parts by cilia or swallowed; Food particles are trapped in mucus or baleen
Cilia: Clams, Oysters
Swallow: Whales
What is substrate feeding?
Eating the thing you live on or in
Eg; Caterpillars, maggots
What is fluid feeding?
Sucking nutrient-rich fluid from a host
Eg; Biting flies sucking mammal blood, aphids sucking plant phloem sap
What is bulk feeding?
Eating large pieces of food at once. Can take many days to eat one piece.
Eg; Snakes
What are some adaptations bulk feeders might have? (5)
- Tentacles
- Claws
- Sharp teeth
- Jaws
- Poisonous fangs
What are the two types of digestion?
- Physical - Breaks food into smaller pieces
- Chemical - Breaks food particles into smaller molecules for absorption
Chemical digestion usually performed by enzymes
What allows animals to digest their food without digesting their own cells and tissues?
Digestive compartments
What are the two modes of digestion?
- Intracellular digestion
- Extracellular digestion
What happens in intracellular digestion?
- Food is ingested across the plasma membrane into food vacuoles
- Lysosomes with digestive enzymes merge with food vacuoles
- Digestion occurs
What happens in extracellular digestion?
Food is broken down in a compartment outside of the body. Waste goes out the same opening that food comes in.
Simplest form of compartment is a gastrovascular cavity
What is an alimentary canal?
A “complete digestive tract”. Extracellular digestion with food moving in a single direction (Mouth -> Anus).
What is the crop?
A modified portion of the esophagus that stores food
Animals with it: Worms, grasshoppers, birds
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Section 1: 1.1 - Land plants evolved from green algae29
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Section 1: 1.2 - Mosses and other nonvascular plants have life cycles dominated by gametophytes5
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Section 1: 1.3 - Ferns and other seedless vascular plants were the first plants to grow tall25
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Section 1: 1.4 - Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land14
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Section 1: 1.5 - Gymnospears bear "naked seeds", typically on cones4
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Section 1: 1.6 - The reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include flowers and fruits14
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Section 2: 2.1 - Plants have a hierarchical organization consisting of organs, tissues, and cells39
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Section 2: 2.2 - Different meristems generate cells for primary and secondary growth17
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Section 2: 2.3 - Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots19
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Section 2: 2.4 - Secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants13
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Section 3: 3.1 - Adaptations for acquiring resources were key steps in evolution of vascular plants6
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Section 3: 3.2 - Different mechanisms transport substances over short or long distances6
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Section 3: 3.3 - Transpiration drives the transport of water and minerals from roots to shoots via the xylem30
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Section 3: 3.4 - The rate of transpiration is regulated by stomata13
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Section 3: 3.5 - Sugars are transported from sources to sinks via the phloem11
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Section 4 - Plant nutrients40
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Section 5 - Plant reproduction (Part 1)29
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Section 5 - Plant reproduction (Part 2)1
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Section 7: 7.1 - Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers22
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Section 7: 7.2 - Animals can be characterized by body plans31
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Section 7: 7.3 - Cnidarians are an ancient phylum of eumetazoans16
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Section 7: 7.4 - Lophotrochozoans, a clade analyzed by molecular data, have the widest range of animal body forms14
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Section 7: 7.5 - Ecdysozoans are the most species-rich animal group16
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Section 8: 8.1 - Animal form and function or correlated at levels of organization30
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Section 8: 8.2 - Feedback control maintains the internal environment in many animals12
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Section 8: 8.3 - Homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve form, function, and behaviour20
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Section 8: 8.4 - Energy requirements are related to animal size, activity, and environment14
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Section 9: 9.1 - An animal's diet must supply chemical energy and building blocks19
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Section 9: 9.2 - Food processing involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination15
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Section 9: 9.3 - Organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the mammalian digestive system7
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Section 9: 9.4 - Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems correlate with diet0
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Section 9: 9.5 - Feedback circuits regulate digestion, energy storage, and appetite0
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Section 10: 10.1 - Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body0
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Section 10: 10.2 - Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals0
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Section 10: 10.3 - Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels0
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Section 10: 10.4 - Blood components function in exchange, transport, and defense0
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Section 10: 10.5 - Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces0
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Section 10: 10.6 - Breathing ventilates the lungs0
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Section 10: 10.7 - Adaptations for gas exchange include pigments that bind and transport gases0
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Section 11: 11.1 - Osmoregulation balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes0
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Section 11: 11.2 - An animal's nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat0
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Section 11: 11.3 - Diverse excretory systems are variations on a tubular theme0
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Section 11: 11.4 - The nephron is organized for stepwise processing of blood filtrate0
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Section 11: 11.5 - Hormonal circuits link kidney function, water balance, and blood pressure0
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Section 14: 14.1 - Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer0
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Section 14: 14.2 - Ion pumps and ion channels establish the resting membrane potential of a neuron0
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Section 14: 14.3 - Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons0
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Section 14: 14.4 - Neurons communicate with each other at synapses0
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Section 14: 14.5 - Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and support cells0
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Section 15: 15.1 - Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous systems0
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Section 15: 15.2 - The mechanoreceptors responsible for hearing and equilibrium detect moving fluid or settling particles0
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Section 15: 15.3 - Visual receptors in diverse animals depend on light-absorbing pigments0
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Section 15: 15.4 - The sense of taste and smell rely on similar sets of sensory receptors0
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Section 15: 15.5 - The physical interaction of protein filaments is required for muscle functions0
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Section 15: 15.6 - Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into locomotion0
