self

Question 1

the self

Answer 1

is a cognitive (mental representation) and social construction(interaction and experiences with others)

Question 2

self concept

Answer 2

what u belive yourself to be

Question 3

self-concept:infacy

Answer 3

-18 months: pass rouge test- they touch their own forhead

-2 years:
* recognize self in pictures
* label self using own name/me/mine
* use categories lebel for self(ex:girl)

Question 4

Self-concept:early childhood

Answer 4

3-6 years old

• can describe the self
• focus on concrete,observable features(ex:im a blond)
• unrealistic positive(egocentric): i’m really good at basketball (but looses all their games)

Question 5

self-concept:middle childhood

Answer 5

• 6-11 years old
• more integrated;begin to refer to global characteristics(internal) ex:’‘i’m creative’’#
• more realistic and balanced(not as opitamistic)
  
  • linked to actual competence and evaluation
    social comparisons which probably has to do with the more realistic self-concept

Question 6

self-concept: adolescense

Answer 6

• 11-19 years old
• nuanced view of self
  
  • understand role of situations,context,and perspective
• more abstract and psychological(more internal: ‘‘im self-contious)#
• begin to think about the future;possible selves (ex:im gonna be a teacher)
• begin to develop coherent/integreated self

Question 7

adolescence

Answer 7

* false self behaviour:intentionally presents a false impression to others(explicit)

ex:act/say im cofident when im actually deeply self-countious

• personal fable: belif that one’s own experience is unique and novel

ex:’‘mom you just don’t understand what i’m going through!’’

• Imaginery audience:the belif that everyone else is focused on you

ex: everyone is looking at my pimple, i cant go back to school now!)

Question 8

influences on self-concept

Answer 8

• age
• cognitive development
• parents:
  
  • warmth and support better self concept
  • family narrative(stories that they tell you have a role in how you see yourself
• peers
  * reputation
  * how people see you
• culture
  
  • individualistic vs collectivist

Question 9

individualistic cultures

Answer 9

usually describes themselfs more in private trades
ex:i’m smart

Question 10

collectivist culture

Answer 10

describes themselves more with public descriptions
-comes from public view(friends,family)
ex:i’m my moms daugher
-less abstract
ex:i go to church/i’m good at math

Question 11

self-esteem

Answer 11

how u evaluate yourself

Question 12

self esteem

Answer 12

• starts very high,declines through childhood
• mixed findings during adolescence
  -individual differences? are probably the cause of this

Question 13

individual differences(influences on self-esteem)

Answer 13

• gender:
  
  • girls decline
  • boys increse
• race:
  
  • Black youth have better self esteem
  • asian americans the lowest

*approval of others(parents,peers,teachers)

• societal standards
  -pshysical attractiveness(big deal): physical attraction seems to impact overall self-esteem
  -media
• culture
  -collective:lower self esteem(based in the role of your community)
  -individual:higher self esteem
  -maybe due to different meaning of self esteem

intersectionality between these things

Question 14

Impact of self-esteem

Answer 14

• High self-esteem > better in
  school, better well-being
• Low self-esteem > emotional
  and behavioural problems

Question 15

Self-Esteem Movement

Answer 15

programs designed to boost
self-esteem in order to boost
academic performance
-Not effective!

Maybe:

Self-esteem > academic
success?
…or…
Academic success >
self-esteem?
Or, it’s complicated!

Question 16

identity

across situations, while self-concept is more depending of the situation

Answer 16

• who am i ?
• A description or definition of
  the self; a theory of oneself
  The extent to which
  individuals feel secure
  about who they are, who
  they were, who they can
  become

Question 17

parts of an identity

Answer 17

• Religious identity
• Sexual identity
• Ethnic identity
• Political identity
• Occupational identity
• Gender identity

Question 18

Erikson:** adolescence **a crisis of identity vs role confusion

Answer 18

time for Psychosocial Moratorium: time in which individuals are free
from excessive obligations and can experiment with different
roles

ex:university

Question 19

James Marcia:Identity Statues

Answer 19

need to consider both exploration
and commitment

• • identity diffisuion:dont know who you are but havent explored yet(common in early idolescent)

* Identity foreclosure:have commitment to an a identity but havent explore yet(common in early idolescent)

* Moratrium: explores but havent commited to an identity

* Identity achievement:have explored in the past and commited to one

Question 20

identity diffusion

Answer 20

ex:i dont know who i am or what i want

• Associated with higher levels of behavioural and emotional
  problems, difficulties with relationships
• More likely to report low levels of parental warmth/support
• is bad if it perssists

Question 21

Identity foreclosure

Answer 21

ex:i know i will be a doctor, my mom told me so!

• Tend to show low anxiety and general life satisfaction
• with higher levels of prejudice, inflexibility, need for
  social approval, lower sense of autonomy
  (you go along to what people told you to be)
• More common with controlling or overly protective parents

Question 22

Moratorium

Answer 22

ex: i’m serching for who i am!

• Can be associated with high levels of anxiety, conflict with authority
  • Correlates may depend on the length of exploration, and amount of
    rumination about exploration

Question 23

Identity achievement

Answer 23

ex:i explored for a little while, now i know who i am

• Associated with high achievement, maturity, intimacy
• **Agency **> a sense of control and responsibility for one’d own
  actions

Question 24

is common to move back and forth between these statues!