Biol 1410 > Skeleton & Bone structure/composition > Flashcards

Skeleton & Bone structure/composition Flashcards

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1
Q

Anatomical position

A

feet, face, and palms forward

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2
Q

2 divisions if skeletal system

A

axial (down the midline of the body)

appendicular

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3
Q

Axial skeleton consists of

A

80 bones total

  • skull
  • hyoid bone
  • vertebral column
  • thoracic cage (sternum and ribs)
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4
Q

Appendicular skeleton consists of

A

126 bones total

  • pectoral girdle
  • pelvic girdle
  • upper limbs
  • lower limbs
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5
Q

3 main bone groupings in the skull

A
  • cranium (8 bones)
  • facial bones (14 bones)
  • auditory ossicles (6 bones)
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6
Q

Bones in the cranium

A
  • frontal
  • 2 parietal
  • 2 temporal
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
  • occipital
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7
Q

Bones of the facial bones

A
  • 2 nasal
  • 2 maxillae (upper jaw)
  • 2 zygomatic (eye socket and cheekbone)
  • 2 lacrimal (side of nose and eye socket)
  • 2 palatine (in the pallet)
  • 2 inferior nasal chonchae
  • 1 vomer (behind the pallet)
  • 1 mandible (lower jaw)
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8
Q

Bones in the auditory ossicles (middle ear)

A
  • 2 incus
  • 2 malleus
  • 2 stapes
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9
Q

Hyoid bone

A
  • no articulations
  • attaches muscle of tongue and neck.
  • assists in swallowing
  • horn shaped
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10
Q

Vertebral column divided into 5 regions

A
  • cervical (7)
  • thoracic (12)
  • lumbar (5)
  • sacral (1)
  • coccyx (1)
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11
Q

Body of vertebral structure

A

thick and located anterior end

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12
Q

Spinous process of vertebral structure

A

median posterior projection (1), attachment site for muscles and ligament

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13
Q

Transverse process of vertebral structure

A

lateral bony projections for muscle attachment (2)

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14
Q

Vertebral foramen of vertebral structure

A

hole for spinal cord which lines up to form a canal

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15
Q

Superior and inferior articular facets of vertebral structure

A

attachment sites with vertebrae above and below

contain smooth surfaces formed from hyaline cartilage (facets)

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16
Q

Cervical region vertebrae

A 
7 vertebrae (C1-C7)
-smallest lightest weight vertebrae
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17
Q

C1 vertebrae

A

atlas

  • no body or spinous process
  • articulates superiorly w/ occipital condyle
  • allows nodding “yes” motion
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18
Q

C2 vertebrae

A

axis

  • contains knoblike process called dens (=odontoid process)
  • pivot joint around which atlas swivels
  • allows shaking “no” motion
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19
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

12 vertebrae(T1-T12)

  • ALL articulate posteriorly with ribs via facets
  • thoracic vertebrae increase in size from first to last
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20
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

5 vertebrae (L1-L5)

  • support upper body weight.
  • ALL have larger bodies and rectangular spinous processes
  • referred to as small of the back
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21
Q

Sacrum vertebrae

A

5 fused vertebrae,

  • articulates with ilium (pelvis) and 5th lumbar vertebra (L5)
  • contain intervertebral foramina (exit site for nerves)
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22
Q

Coccyx vertebrae

A

3-5 fused vertebrae (usually 4)

-known as tailbone

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23
Q

Curvature of spinal column

A
  • cervical and lumbar concave posteriorly. looks like )

- thoracic and sacrum convex posteriorly looks like (

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24
Q

3 Abnormal curvatures

A
  • scoliosis
  • kyphosis
  • lordosis
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25
Scoliosis
spinal column curves laterally (on side dips down)
26
Kyphosis
exaggerated thoracic curve. can be caused by osteoporosis (hunchback)
27
Lordosis
exaggerated lumbar curve (can be caused by pregnancy/potbelly) (swayback)
28
Thoracic cage consists of
sternum and ribs
29
Sternums (breast bone) 3 parts:
- manubrium (superior) - body (middle) - xiphoid process (inferior)
30
Ribs
12 total pairs that articulate posteriorly with thoracic vertebrae
31
True ribs
7 pairs | attach directly to sternum via costal (hyaline) cartilage
32
False ribs
5 pairs (8-10) attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage (11 and 12) floating ribs don't attack to sternum (embedded in muscle)
33
Pectoral girdle consists of..
- clavicle | - scapula
34
Clavicle
(collarbone) - articulates with sternum and scapula. - connects the axial and appendicular skeletons
35
Scapula consists of
- acromion process - glenoid fossa/cavity - coracoid proces
36
Acromion process articulates with ..
clavicle
37
Glenoid fossa/cavity articulates with ..
head of humerus
38
Coracoid process attaches ..
muscles for arm and chest
39
Pelvic girdle
composed of 2 os coxa
40
Os coxa composed of..
- ilium - ischium - pubis
41
Ilium articulates ..
with the sacrum at iliac crest
42
Ischium
- bears weight of body while sitting | - most inferior surface is called ischial tuberosity
43
Pubis
Left and right side joined by pubic symphysis (cartilaginous disk)
44
Joints in the pelvic girdle
- pubic symphysis (joins pubic bones with cartilage) - sacroiliac joint ( synovial joint) - acetabulum
45
Acetabulum
socket that articulates with head of femur (hip bone) | -synovial joint (ball and socket)
46
Upper limb (arm) consists of..
- humerus - radius/ulna - carpals - metacarpals - phalanges
47
Carpals
wrist bones (8 per arm) (2 rows per wrist)
48
Metacarpals
palm (5 per arm)
49
Phalanges
fingers/digits (14 per arm)
50
Lower limb consists of ..
- femur - patella (knee cap) - tibia/fibula - tarsals (ankle) - metatarsals - phalanges
51
Tarsals
(7 per leg) talus- articulates with tibia | -calcaneus (heel bone)
52
Metatarsals
(5 per leg) sole of foot
53
Phanlanges (foot)
(14 per leg) toes/digits
54
Long bone composed of :
- diaphysis - epiphysis - epiphyseal plate - epiphyseal line - medullary cavity - periosteum membrane - endosteum - articular cartilage
55
Diaphysis
shaft/body of bone. composed of compact bone
56
Epiphysis
proximal and distal entities
57
Epiphyseal plate
hyaline cartilage, used for bone growth in length (bone growth is called endochondral ossification)
58
Epiphyseal line
replaces plate with bone when growth completed | where diaphysis and epiphyses meet
59
Periosteum membrane
- external surface - allows bone to grow in diameter - double membrane of CT that covers everything besides joint - outer = dense irregular - inner = osteogenic (mainly osteoblasts+ osteoclasts)
60
Medullary cavity
red marrow in child, yellow in adult contains fat lined with endosteum
61
Endosteum
- very delicate connective tissue - lines internal surfaces of cavity and canals - contain osteoblasts and osteoclasts
62
Articular cartilage
- hyaline - prevents friction between bones - found on epiphyseal surfaces of long bones
63
Bone consists of..
cells and matrix
64
Bone osteoprogenitor cells give rise to ..
- osteoblasts (build matrix) - osteocytes (maintain matrix) - osteoclasts (breakdown and reabsorb matrix)
65
The cells of the bone are separated by a matrix that consists of..
- ground substance (hydroxyapetite crystals for strength) - collagen fibres (flexibility) - water
66
2 types of bone:
- compact | - spongy
67
Compact bone
covers the external surfaces of ALL bones
68
Compact bone structure composed of..
individual structural units called osteons or haversian systems
69
Osteons composed of..
- Lamellae - Osteocytes (found in lacunae) - Canaliculi - Haversian canals - Volkmanns canals
70
Lamellae
concentric circles of matrix. osteocytes present between the lamellae
71
Lacunae
between lamellae, space within matrix where osteocytes live
72
Canaliculi
small channels that connect osteocytes to blood supple to each other
73
Haversian canals
contain blood vessels and nerves, lined with endosteum
74
Volkmann's canal
found at a right angle to haversian canal, caries blood supply from periosteum to haversian canals and medullary cavity
75
Spongy bone
- not organized into osteons | - plates of bone are called trabeculae
76
Spongy bone found in..
- in the epiphyses of long bone | - in flat bones such as the skull and the ribs
77
Hyaline cartilage structure
- chondrocytes in lacunae - matrix (water, collagen fibres, ground substance) - avascular tissue
78
Articulations/joints
point of contact between 2 or more bones
79
2 classes of articulations/joints
structure and function
80
Structural classification is based on
- presence/absence of joint cavity | - type of tissue connecting two bones
81
Types of structural joints
- Fibrous - cartilaginous - synovial
82
Fibrous joint
no joint cavity fibrous CT ex: sutures of the skull
83
Cartilaginous joint
no joint cavity composed of cartilage ex: pubic symphysis and intervertebral disks
84
Synovial examples
shoulder, elbow, hip, knee
85
Synovial joints contain ...
-joint cavity (contains fluid) -bones are held together by a joint cavity and ligaments (all diarthoritic joints are synovial joints)
86
Articular cartilage
- Hyaline cartilage located on the ends of the bone | - Reduces friction
87
Joint capsule
- Contains an outer layer of fibrous connective tissue that attaches to the periosteum - An inner synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid
88
Types of synovial joints
- plane/gliding - hinge - pivot - ball and socket
89
Plane/gliding joint
``` flat surfaces (sacroiliac joint) amphiarthrotic ```
90
Hinge joint
concave/convex surfaces (knee) | diarthrotic
91
Pivot joint
projection in ring (dens in atlas) | amphiarthrotic
92
Ball and socket joint
great freedom of movement (femur and acetabulum, which is hip) diarthrotic
93
Functional classification
based on degree of movement
94
Types of functional joints
- synarthotic - amphiarthrotic - diarthrotic
95
Syntharotic joint
immovable (skull)
96
Amphiarthrotic joint
slightly moveable (pubic symphysis)
97
Diarthrotic joint
freely moveable (shoulder, elbow, knee)
98
What is anterior direction and posterior
- anterior is to the front | - posterior is to the back
99
C3 to C7
distinguishing feature found on all of these vertebrae is the transverse forming (opening in the transverse process where artless pass to service brain)
100
Anatomical position of upper and lower limbs for medial bones
- Ulna - Tibia - Bones of the big toe - Bones of the little finger (PALMS FACING UP)
101
Anatomical position of upper and lower limbs for lateral bones
- Radius (in line with the thumb) | - Fibula (in line with the bones of the little toe)
102
Long bones include..
- humerus - radias - unla - fibula - tibia - femur
103
2 primary tissue of skeletal system
- bone | - cartilage
104
Trabeculae are//
irregularly arranged lamellae contain osteocytes | osteocytes are located in lacunae and connected by canaliculi
105
The spaces of the spongey bone contain ..
red bone marrow and produce blood cells (provides supply to developing osteocytes)
106
All synovial joints contain
- articular cartilage - joint cavity - joint capsule
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